太阳主表，为一身之外藩，总六经而统荣卫。凡外因百病之袭人，必先于表。表气壮
，则卫固荣守，邪由何入！经曰：虽有大风苛毒，勿之能害是也。若表气虚，则荣卫
之气不能御外，故邪得而乘之。经曰：虚邪不能独伤人，必因身形之虚而后客之也。
卫，阳也。荣，阴也。风，阳邪也。寒，阴邪也。邪之害人，各从其类，故中风则卫
受之，伤寒则荣受之。卫分受邪，则有汗为虚邪，桂枝证也。荣分受邪，则无汗为实
邪，麻黄证也。荣卫俱受邪，均无汗，皆为实邪，大青龙证也。大纲三法，用之得当
，其邪立解，用违其法，变病百出。缘风为百病之长，故以风中卫列为上篇，寒伤荣
与风寒两伤，列为中、下二篇。其条目俱详于本篇之下，俾读者开卷了然，有所遵循
也。
太阳之为病，脉浮，头项强痛而恶寒。
【注】
太阳膀胱经也。太阳之为病，谓太阳膀胱经之所为病也。太阳主表，表统荣卫，风邪
中卫，寒邪伤荣，均表病也。脉浮，表病脉也。头项强痛恶寒，表病证也。太阳经脉
，上额交巅，入络脑，还出别下项，连风府，故邪客其经，必令头项强痛也。恶寒者
，因风寒所伤，故恶之也。首揭此条，为太阳病之提纲。凡上、中、下三篇内称太阳
病者，皆指此脉证而言也。
【按】
荣卫二者，皆胃中后天之谷气所生。其气之清者为荣，浊者为卫。卫即气之剽悍者也
，荣即血中之精粹者也。以其定位之体而言，则曰气血，以其流行之用而言，则曰荣
卫。荣行脉中，故属于阴也；卫行脉外，故属于阳也。然荣卫之所以流行者，皆本乎
肾中先天之一气，故又皆以气言，曰荣气 、卫气也。
【集注】
滑寿曰：脉在肉上行，主表也。
方有执曰：表即皮肤，荣卫丽焉。故脉见尺寸俱浮，知病在太阳表也。项，颈后也。
恶寒者，该风而言也。风寒初袭而郁于表，不能再胜风寒之外忤，故畏恶之。
程应旄曰：太阳经之见证，莫确于头痛、恶寒，故首揭之。
吴人驹曰：头为三阳之通位，项为太阳之专位，有所障碍，不得如常之柔和，是为强
痛。
太阳病，发热，汗出，恶风，脉缓者，名为中风。
【注】
太阳病，即首条脉浮，头项强痛而恶寒之谓也。卫为表阳，风属阳邪，风邪中人，则
卫受之，从其类也。风中于卫即发热者，以风、卫，皆阳，其性本热，故变热甚捷，
不似伤寒待其闭郁而始热也。卫病不能固表，又为阳邪所蒸，故腠理□而汗出也。汗
出表虚，为风所忤，故恶风也。风性柔软，故脉缓也。此承上条言太阳病又兼见此脉
证者，名曰中风，以为中风病之提纲。后凡称中风者，皆指此脉证而言也。
【集注】
方有执曰：脉缓即下文阳浮而阴弱之谓，言既有如首条所揭之太阳病，加之发热，汗
出，恶风而脉缓者，则其病乃是触犯于风所致，故名中风。
汪琥曰：中风，非东垣所云中府、中藏、中血脉之谓。盖中字与伤字同义。仲景论中
，不直言伤风者，恐后学不察，以咳嗽、鼻塞、声重之伤风，混同立论，故以中字别
之也。脉缓当作浮缓看，浮是太阳病脉，缓是中风脉。中篇紧脉，亦当仿此。
太阳中风，阳浮而阴弱，阳浮者热自发，阴弱者汗自出，啬啬恶寒，淅淅恶风，翕翕
发热，鼻鸣，干呕者，桂枝汤主之。
【注】
太阳中风，即上二条合而言之，又详举其证以出其治也。后凡称太阳中风者，皆指此
脉此证也。阴阳指荣卫而言，非指尺寸浮沈也。阳浮，即越人曰：三菽之浮，肺之浮
也。肺主皮毛，取之而得者，即卫分之浮也。六菽之浮，心之浮也。心主血脉，取之
而得者，即荣分之浮也。荣分之浮较之卫分之浮，则无力而弱，故曰：阳浮而阴弱也
。卫为风客，则卫邪强而发热矣。故曰：阳浮者热自发。荣受邪蒸，则荣不固而汗出
矣。故曰：阴弱者汗自出。荣卫不和，则肌表□缓，故有啬啬之恶寒，淅淅之恶风，
翕翕之发热也。然在皮肤之表，非若伤寒之壮热无汗，恶寒虽近烈火而不减，恶风虽
处密室而仍畏也。皮毛内合于肺，皮毛不固，风邪侵肺，则气壅而鼻鸣矣。胸中者，
阳气之本。卫阳为风邪所干，不能敷布，则气上逆而为干呕矣。故宜桂枝汤，解肌固
表，调和荣卫也。
【集注】
程应旄曰：啬啬恶寒者，肌被寒侵，怯而敛也。淅淅恶风者，肌因风洒，□难御也。
翕翕发热者，肌得热蒸，合欲扬也。啬啬、淅淅、翕翕字俱从皮毛上形容，较之伤寒
之见证，自有浮、沉、浅、深之别。
Taiyang (Greater Yang) governs the exterior, serving as the outer barrier of the entire body, encompassing the Six Channels and coordinating Ying (Nutrient) and Wei (Defensive) Qi. Whenever external pathogens invade the human body, they must first attack the exterior. If the exterior Qi is strong, then Wei Qi is solid and Ying Qi remains guarded; from where would the pathogen enter! The Classics state: "Even with great wind and severe toxicity, it cannot harm," which refers to this principle. If the exterior Qi is deficient, then Ying and Wei Qi cannot resist the exterior, so the pathogen can take advantage of this deficiency. The Classics state: "Deficient pathogens cannot injure people alone; they must rely on the body's deficiency to take residence."
Wei Qi belongs to Yang, and Ying Qi belongs to Yin. Wind is a Yang pathogen, and Cold is a Yin pathogen. Pathogens injuring the human body follow their respective categories; thus, when struck by Wind, Wei Qi receives the pathogen, and when struck by Cold, Ying Qi receives the pathogen. When Wei division receives the pathogen, sweating indicates a deficient pathogen, corresponding to Guizhi Tang Syndrome (Cinnamon Twig Decoction Syndrome). When Ying division receives the pathogen, absence of sweating indicates an excess pathogen, corresponding to Mahuang Tang Syndrome (Ephedra Decoction Syndrome). When both Ying and Wei divisions receive the pathogen, both present with absence of sweating and are classified as excess pathogens, corresponding to Da Qing Long Tang Syndrome (Major Blue Green Dragon Decoction Syndrome). These three major treatment principles, if applied correctly, resolve the pathogen immediately; if applied incorrectly, myriad pathological changes arise. Since Wind is the chief of all diseases, the case of Wind striking Wei is listed in the Upper Chapter, while Cold injuring Ying and Wind-Cold injuring both are listed in the Middle and Lower Chapters. The specific items are detailed below in this chapter, enabling readers to understand clearly upon opening the book and have something to follow.
The Taiyang disease is characterized by a floating pulse, stiffness and pain in the head and nape, and aversion to cold.
[Note]
Taiyang refers to the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang. The Taiyang disease refers to the pathology occurring in the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang. Taiyang governs the exterior, and the exterior coordinates Ying and Wei Qi. Wind pathogen injuring Wei and Cold pathogen injuring Ying are both exterior diseases. A floating pulse is the pulse of an exterior disease. Stiffness, pain in the head and nape, and aversion to cold are symptoms of an exterior disease. The Taiyang meridian ascends to the forehead, intersects at the vertex, enters to connect with the brain, emerges again, descends separately to the nape, and connects to Fengfu (GV16). Therefore, when pathogen resides in the meridian, it inevitably causes stiffness and pain in the head and nape. Aversion to cold occurs because of injury by Wind-Cold, hence the aversion. This clause is presented first as the outline for Taiyang disease. Whenever Taiyang disease is mentioned in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Chapters, it refers to these pulse and symptom manifestations.
[Commentary]
Ying and Wei Qi are both generated from the postnatal grain Qi of the Stomach. The clear portion becomes Ying Qi, and the turbid portion becomes Wei Qi. Wei Qi is the vigorous and rapid aspect of Qi, while Ying Qi is the refined essence within Blood. From the perspective of their fixed structure, they are called Qi and Blood; from the perspective of their dynamic circulation, they are called Ying and Wei. Ying circulates within the vessels, thus belonging to Yin; Wei circulates outside the vessels, thus belonging to Yang. However, the reason Ying and Wei circulate lies in the primordial Qi of the Kidney; therefore, they are also referred to as Qi, namely Ying Qi and Wei Qi.
[Collected Notes]
Hua Shou said: The pulse appearing above the muscle governs the exterior.
Fang Youzhi said: The exterior is the skin, where Ying and Wei reside. Thus, seeing a floating pulse in both Cun and Chi positions indicates the disease is in the Taiyang exterior. Nape refers to the back of the neck. Aversion to cold includes aversion to wind. When Wind-Cold initially invades and stagnates in the exterior, unable to withstand the external confrontation of Wind-Cold, aversion arises.
Cheng Yingmao said: Among the manifestations of the Taiyang meridian, headache and aversion to cold are the most accurate, hence they are presented first.
Wu Renju said: The head is the common position of the Three Yang meridians, and the nape is the exclusive position of Taiyang. Obstruction preventing normal softness is termed stiffness and pain.
In Taiyang disease, fever, sweating, aversion to wind, and a moderate pulse occur; this is named Wind Strike.
[Note]
Taiyang disease refers to the pulse floating, stiffness and pain in the head and nape, and aversion to cold mentioned in the first clause. Wei is Exterior Yang, and Wind is a Yang pathogen. When Wind pathogen invades humans, Wei receives it due to similarity. Wind striking Wei leads to immediate fever because both Wind and Wei are Yang and inherently hot, changing to heat rapidly, unlike Cold-Stagnation which requires closure before generating heat. Wei disease fails to secure the exterior, and being steamed by Yang pathogen, the pores open leading to sweating. Sweating makes the exterior deficient, allowing Wind to disturb, causing aversion to wind. Wind has a soft nature, hence the pulse is moderate. This follows the previous clause to describe Taiyang disease presenting with these additional pulse and symptoms, named Wind Strike, serving as the outline for Wind Strike disease. Henceforth, whenever Wind Strike is mentioned, it refers to these pulse and symptoms.
[Collected Notes]
Fang Youzhi said: Moderate pulse refers to "Yang floating and Yin weak" mentioned later. It means that having the Taiyang disease outlined in the first clause, plus fever, sweating, aversion to wind, and moderate pulse, indicates the disease is caused by touching Wind, hence named Wind Strike.
Wang Hu said: Wind Strike does not refer to the Zhong Fu, Zhong Zang, or Zhong Xue Mai described by Li Dongyuan. Generally, "Zhong" (strike/penetrate) has the same meaning as "Shang" (injure). In Zhang Zhongjing's discussions, he does not directly say "Shang Feng" (Injure Wind) lest later students fail to observe and confuse cough, nasal congestion, and heavy voice typical of common Wind-Injury. Thus, he uses "Zhong" to distinguish it. The moderate pulse should be read as Floating-Moderate; Floating is the pulse of Taiyang disease, and Moderate is the pulse of Wind Strike. The Tight pulse in the Middle Chapter should also be understood similarly.
In Taiyang Wind Strike, the pulse is Yang floating and Yin weak. Yang floating indicates spontaneous heat, Yin weakness indicates spontaneous sweating. Accompanied by chilly aversion to cold, shivery aversion to wind, mild fever, nasal congestion sound, and dry retching, Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) is the primary treatment.
[Note]
Taiyang Wind Strike combines the previous two clauses and details the symptoms to provide treatment. Henceforth, Taiyang Wind Strike refers to these pulse and symptoms. Here, Yin and Yang refer to Ying and Wei, not the Cun-Chi depth. Yang floating refers to the *Nan Jing* description: light pressure like three bean husks represents Lung floating. Lung governs skin and hair; obtaining this indicates Wei division floating. Pressure like six bean husks represents Heart floating. Heart governs blood vessels; obtaining this indicates Ying division floating. Compared to Wei division floating, Ying division floating is weaker and less forceful, hence "Yang floating and Yin weak." Wei occupied by Wind pathogen becomes strong with heat. Hence, "Yang floating indicates spontaneous heat." Ying receiving pathogen steaming becomes insecure with sweating. Hence, "Yin weakness indicates spontaneous sweating." Disharmony between Ying and Wei causes muscle surface relaxation, resulting in chilly aversion to cold, shivery aversion to wind, and mild fever. However, the disease is in the skin exterior, unlike Cold-Stagnation which presents with high fever, no sweat, severe aversion to cold even near fire, and aversion to wind even in closed rooms. Skin and hair internally connect to the Lung; insecurity of skin allows Wind pathogen to invade Lung, causing Qi stagnation and nasal congestion sound. The chest is the root of Yang Qi. Wei Yang disturbed by Wind pathogen cannot distribute properly, causing Qi to rebel upward leading to dry retching. Therefore, Guizhi Tang is suitable to release the muscle layer, secure the exterior, and harmonize Ying and Wei.
[Collected Notes]
Cheng Yingmao said: Chilly aversion to cold describes muscles invaded by Cold, shrinking in fear. Shivery aversion to wind describes muscles shaken by Wind, difficult to resist. Mild fever describes muscles steamed by Heat, wanting to expand. The terms "Qi Qi," "Xi Xi," and "Xi Xi" describe sensations from the skin and hair, differing from Cold-Stagnation manifestations by having distinct floating/sinking and shallow/deep characteristics.