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Danglers (Lingyu Zi) *Shiyi* records: The flavor is sweet, the nature is warm, and it is non-toxic. It mainly tonifies deficiency, strengthens the waist and back, and prevents hunger. After steaming and sun-drying for consumption, its efficacy is stronger than that of Dioscorea opposita (Shuyu). These Danglers are borne on the leaves of Dioscorea opposita, with large ones resembling eggs. (Japanese name: Nukago.)

Cui Yu records: Consuming it thickens the intestines and stomach, enhances Qi and strength, and stops hunger. The flavor is bitter with a slight sweetness, it is non-toxic, slightly warm, preserves facial complexion, and surpasses wheat and beans in effect; it can be roasted or steamed as a food reserve. (Japanese name: Shiilü.)

Taro (Yu) *Bencao* records: The flavor is pungent, the nature is neutral, and it is toxic. It mainly relaxes the intestines and stomach, fills the skin and muscles, and lubricates the bowels. Also known as Yunzhi. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Raw taro is toxic and inedible; its nature is slippery and promotes the expulsion of stones. Cui Yu records: The flavor is salty, slightly warm, lubricates the bowels, and excessive consumption damages life. *Shennong Jing* records: Do not eat too much, as it triggers latent cold pathogens. Meng Shen records: It mainly relaxes the intestines and stomach, removes necrotic tissue, and makes flesh lustrous. *Qijuan Jing* records: It is toxic and can expel stones. *Liexian Zhuan* records: In the past, a wine merchant was persecuted by the State of Liang, forcing people to plant more taro. Three years later, a great famine occurred. The people of Liang did not starve to death, and taro was also called Wanyun. Also known as Changwei and Tanshan. *Yangsheng Yaoji* records: If taro is planted for three years without harvest, the yield will be poor; wild taro is lethal if eaten. Another record provides a formula for wild taro poisoning: boil soybean juice, cool it, and drink. Another method: drink clay water. (Japanese name: Yibeiduyimao.)

Water Chestnut (Wu Yu) *Bencao* records: The flavor is bitter, slightly cold, and non-toxic. Sweet in taste, it mainly eliminates thirst, bi-heat, and heat in the middle jiao, and benefits Qi. Also known as Jiegu and Shuiping. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: It grows in paddy fields; the leaves have branches resembling swamp plants, unlike the regular shape of taro. Su Jing says: This herb is also known as Chaya and Cagu; it mainly detoxifies hundred poisons, treats postpartum blood stagnation causing heart oppression and near-death sensation, difficult labor, and retained placenta. Crush and take one sheng of the juice. *Shiyi* records: Eating it makes one fat and fair-skinned. Small ones aid digestion greatly; swallowing them opens the appetite and aids the intestines. *Qianjin Fang* records: It expels stone strangury. Cui Yu records: Eating it benefits Qi and strength, treating thirst and five types of strangury. Boiling and eating is best. Meng Shen records: It treats thirst and expels stone strangury. People in Wu like to eat it; however, it may trigger beriberi, paralysis wind, and damage teeth. Its purple-black color causes loss of good complexion. *Qijuan Jing* records: Eating it stops thirst and benefits Qi. *Guoya* records: Jiegu is also called Wu Yu. *Yangsheng Yaoji* records: The flavor is bitter, slightly cold, and eating it clears heat. What is referred to as Fuzi is this plant. Made into powder and eaten, its color is like jade. Long-term consumption benefits people; also called Wanyun, Huoyu, and Yuyin. (Japanese name: Jiuwei.)

Zizania Root (Gugen) *Qijuan Jing* records: The flavor is sweet, very cold, clears stubborn heat in the intestines and stomach, eliminates thirst, and stops frequent urination. *Yangsheng Yaoji* records: The flavor is sweet and neutral, clears chest irritability, resolves alcohol toxicity, and aids digestion. (Japanese name: Gumaoman.)

Zizania Head (Goushou) *Qijuan Jing* records: The flavor is sweet, cold. After frost, consuming it weakens yang energy (sexual potency). If eaten mixed with white honey, it causes worms in the abdomen. [Note: Harmful substance, Japanese name: Gu(ma)donai.]

Trapa Fruit (Jishi) *Bencao* records: The flavor is sweet. Neutral, non-toxic. It mainly calms the middle jiao, tonifies zang organs, prevents hunger, and lightens the body. (Also known as .) Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Roasted into rice-like grains, it serves as food for grain-abstinence to achieve longevity. Cui Yu records: Trapa fruit, when eaten, calms the middle jiao and tonifies the five zang organs. Meng Shen records: Eating it is like becoming an immortal, but this item particularly induces cold and cannot treat various diseases. *Qijuan Jing* records: The flavor is sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Eating it prevents hunger; after frost, eating it weakens yang energy. (Japanese name: Bizhi.)

Lotus Seed (Oushi) *Bencao* records: The flavor is sweet, neutral, cold, and non-toxic. It mainly tonifies the middle jiao, nourishes the spirit, benefits Qi and strength, eliminates hundred diseases, and long-term use lightens the body, delays aging, prevents hunger, and extends life. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: This is what we now call lotus seeds. During the Song Emperor's time, high officials making sheep blood cake accidentally dropped peeled lotus root skins into the blood, which prevented coagulation. Doctors still used lotus root to treat bleeding disorders with good results. *Su Jing's Annotation* states: It treats heat-thirst, disperses blood stasis, generates flesh. Long-term use brings joy to the heart. Cui Yu records: Lotus root rhizome has a sweet flavor and cold nature; eating it nourishes the mind and spirit. The rhizome is very cold, treating irritability and persistent epistaxis. Meng Shen records: Lotus seeds are cold, treating insufficiency of the five zang organs, benefiting the twelve meridians and twenty-five collaterals. Ma Wan records: Eating it nourishes the spirit and eliminates hundred diseases. The efficacy of the rhizome is similar to that of the seed. (Japanese name: Boshisu.)

Euryale Seed (Jitou Shi) *Bencao* records: The flavor is sweet, neutral, and non-toxic. It mainly treats damp-bi, pain in the waist, spine, and knees, tonifies the middle jiao, benefits essence and qi, strengthens willpower, clarifies ears and eyes, and long-term use lightens the body, prevents hunger, delays aging, and leads to immortality. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: This is what we now call Euryale seeds; the flower resembles a rooster's comb, hence the name "Chicken Head." Su Jing's annotation states: Made into powder, it is similar to trapa powder and benefits people more than trapa. Cui Yu records: Benefits Qi and strength, clarifies ears and eyes. Meng Shen records: Making it into powder for consumption is excellent. This is a longevity drug; taken with lotus seeds, it stops children from growing up. Thus, long-term consumption is believed to preserve youth. Raw consumption triggers lower abdominal cold qi. *Qijuan Shijing* records: Eating it benefits essence and qi. (Japanese name: Medububushinami.)

Thousand-Year Juice (Qiansui Zhi) *Bencao* records: The flavor is sweet and neutral, non-toxic. It harmonizes and tonifies, stabilizes the five zang organs, benefits Qi, reconnects sinews and bones, and increases muscle mass. It removes various bi syndromes, and long-term use lightens the body, prevents hunger, delays aging, and connects to spiritual clarity. Cui Yu records: Eating it tonifies the five zang organs; the flavor is sweet and neutral, slightly cold. Cut the stem, collect the dripping juice after severing; it resembles thin honey, sweet and delicious. Mix with Dioscorea opposita powder, cook into porridge, and eat to treat hiccups. Also mix with white honey for consumption to benefit people. (Japanese name: Anweiliang.)