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The two corners (inner and outer canthi) of the eye belong to the Heart, known as the Blood Wheel. If diseased, red vessels grow and extend upward, accompanied by dimness, heat, swelling, pain, and ulceration; floating nebulae often appear, and blood floods the pupil. Initially, redness appears first and is small in area. If the left eye is affected first and then spreads to the right, the disease location is in the Heart.

The black part of the eye (around the pupil) belongs to the Liver, known as the Wind Wheel. If diseased, vision becomes dim, black spots appear before the eyes, headache occurs, and tears flow; the disease location is in the Liver.

The upper and lower eyelids belong to the Spleen, known as the Flesh Wheel. If diseased, the eyelids swell and protrude, flesh invades the outside of the eyeball, forming small lumps within the palisade, named "Stealing Needle"; or inverted cilia (entropion/trichiasis); the disease location is in the Spleen.

The white part of the eye (sclera/conjunctiva) belongs to the Lung, known as the Qi Wheel. If diseased, the white sclera swells and protrudes, often with瘀肉 (pterygium-like growths), tearing, and a white membrane invading the eyeball, named Qi Obstruction; the disease location is in the Lung.

The pupil belongs to the Kidney, known as the Water Wheel. If diseased, the eyes become dim, the pupil turns blue/cyan, the iris turns green, headache occurs, cold tears flow continuously, objects appear as if piled in smoke, and looking at the sun resembles water splashes. Over time, this develops into Qing Mang (blindness without external signs) and internal obstruction; the disease location is in the Kidney.

Disease in Guan Quan Palisade involves flesh growing over the cornea/pupil, belonging to the Small Intestine.
Disease in Shui Gu Palisade primarily manifests as frequent discharge and excessive tearing at the forehead corners, with black spots before the eyes, belonging to the Spleen and Stomach.
Disease in Hui Yin Palisade primarily manifests as tearing in dark environments, belonging to the Kidney.
Disease in Bao Yang Palisade primarily manifests as redness and swelling inside the eyelids, eye pain, and abundant pterygium-like growths, belonging to the Heart and Ming Men (Gate of Life).
Disease in Qing Jing Palisade primarily manifests as itching and pain in both eyes with tearing, belonging to the Gallbladder.
Disease in Chuan Dao Palisade primarily manifests as blurred vision and excessive tearing, belonging to the Lung and Large Intestine.
Disease in Jin Ye Palisade primarily manifests as blood vessels invading the eyeball and fleshy growths on the eyelids, belonging to the Bladder.
Disease in Yang Hua Palisade primarily manifests as red tendons, inverted cilia, and trichiasis, belonging to the Liver.

The method for treating eye diseases involves observing morphological symptoms and investigating the etiology. For wind pathogens, disperse them; for heat pathogens, cool them; for qi disharmony, regulate it; for deficiency, tonify it. Additionally, for conditions such as cloud-like nebulae obscuring the pupil, inverted cilia, blood flooding the pupil, and pterygium climbing the cornea, treatment should be sought sequentially based on the affected zang-fu organs' excess or deficiency, the patient's age, and the duration of the disease.

Wind Eye: Caused by exposure to wind and sand. Symptoms include cyanotic pupils, whitish eyelids, itching with excessive tearing, without redness or pain. Suitable formulas include Xi Gan San (Liver-Washing Powder), Sheng Xiao San (Holy Efficacy Powder), Jue Ming Zi San (Cassia Seed Powder), and Mi Meng Hua (Descurainiae Semen).

Fire Eye: Also known as Heat Eye, caused by accumulated heat in the five zang organs attacking the eyes. Symptoms include protrusion of the black wheel (cornea/iris), hard, red, swollen, and painful eyelids, purulent discharge and watery tears, internal heat with stinging pain, photophobia, grittiness, and continuous tearing. Suitable formulas include Xi Xin San (Heart-Washing Powder), Long Dan Tang (Gentian Decoction), Xiong Xin Tang (Ligusticum and Asarum Decoction), Dong Yuan Jiu Ku Tang (Dong Yuan's Rescue from Suffering Decoction), Huang Lian Gao (Coptis Ointment), Zhen Zhu San (Pearl Powder), and Yang Gan Wan (Sheep Liver Pill).

Qi Eye: Caused by emotional stagnation and sudden anger injuring the Liver. Symptoms include dim vision, soreness and dryness, swollen but non-hard eyelids, or formation of cloudy nebulae with slight redness and excessive tearing. Suitable formulas include Ming Liu Qi Yin (Brightening and Qi-Flowing Drink), Jue Ming Zi San (Cassia Seed Powder), Chan Hua Wu Bi San (Toadflower Unparalleled Powder), Yun Qi San (Harmonizing Qi Powder), and San Hua Wu Zi Wan (Three Flowers and Five Seeds Pill).

White Membrane Obscuring Pupil: Cloud-like nebulae form on the surface of the eye and gradually invade the Water Wheel. This is due to heat-toxin qi from the Lung meridian attacking upwards without dispersing, condensing into clouds. Suitable formulas include Bo Yun San (Cloud-Dispelling Powder), Chan Hua San (Cicada Flower Powder), Fu Ming San (Restoring Vision Powder), Dang Gui Long Dan Tang (Angelica and Gentian Decoction), Bai Long San (White Dragon Powder), Mo Yi San (Grinding Nebula Powder), Ba Bao Dan (Eight Treasures Pellet), Ming Mu Di Huang Wan (Kidney-Nourishing Earth Pill for Bright Eyes), Bo Yun Ding Zi (Cloud-Dispelling Stick), and Zhen Zhu San (Pearl Powder).

Blood Flooding Pupil: Caused by accumulated heat in the Liver and Gallbladder meridians. Symptoms include blood vessels invading the eyeball, flooding upwards into the pupil, and swollen, red eyelids. Suitable formulas include Che Qian Zi San (Plantago Seed Powder), Xie Gan San (Draining Liver Powder), Tui Xue San (Retreating Blood Powder), Jia Wei Si Wu Tang (Modified Four Substances Decoction), Tang Pao San (Soup-Soaked Powder), and Bai Long San (White Dragon Powder).

Inverted Cilia (Entropion/Trichiasis): Caused by accumulated heat in the Heart and Spleen meridians. The eye margins are tight, skin contracts, and eyelashes grow inward piercing the eye, causing dull pain. Internal heat must be removed; once the eyelid relaxes, the lashes will naturally grow outward. Suitable formulas include Fang Feng Yin (Saposhnikovia Drink), Shi Yan San (Stone Swallow Powder), and Mi Ying Gao (Honey Response Ointment).

Pterygium (Flesh Climbing Cornea): Caused by hot blood coagulation and stagnation in the Spleen and Lung meridians. Symptoms include red flesh at the canthus invading the eyeball and nebulae forming in the eye. Suitable formulas include Huang Lian Long Dan Tang (Coptis and Gentian Decoction), Qing Liang Tui Chi San (Cooling and Redness-Reducing Powder), Hong Hua San (Safflower Powder), Huan Jing San (Returning Clarity Powder), Huang Lian Gao (Coptis Ointment), and Chun Xue Gao (Spring Snow Ointment).

Rooster Comb and Mussel Meat: Eyelid inversion with redness and swelling, all caused by Spleen deficiency with accumulated heat and blood stasis. It is treated similarly to Pterygium.

Rotting Margins Wind Eye: Caused by long-standing accumulation and stagnation of wind-heat in the Spleen. Symptoms include rotting eye margins, redness and itching at the canthi, dimness, dryness, and excessive tearing; worms may develop over time. Suitable formulas include Jin Lu San (Golden Dew Powder), Juan Lian San (Rolling Curtain Powder), and Lv Yun Gao (Green Cloud Ointment).

Internal Obstruction (Cataract): Caused by congealed brain fat, resulting from anger or severe grief damaging the Liver and Kidney. Symptoms include internal visual obstruction like fog, gradually affecting the pupil, without redness or swelling, and normal external appearance of the eye, but impaired pupillary function.

External Obstruction: Caused by accumulated heat in the Spleen and Lung, blood coagulation, qi stagnation, and blood stasis invading the eyeball. Symptoms include grittiness, pain, and excessive tearing. Suitable formulas include Tui Chi Bo Yun San (Redness-Reducing and Cloud-Dispelling Powder), Gu Jing San (Buckwheat Flower Powder), Mo Yi Gao (Grinding Nebula Ointment), and Ming Mu Di Huang Wan (Kidney-Nourishing Earth Pill for Bright Eyes).

Qing Mang (Blindness): Caused by fetal Liver exposure to wind-heat. Symptoms include dim vision at night and inability to see objects; if the eye turns blue after a long period, it is incurable. Suitable formulas include Xie Gan San (Draining Liver Powder) and Ju Shi San (Accumulated Solidity Powder).

Bird Eye (Night Blindness): At dusk, vision of the three lights becomes unclear as if obscured by an object, due to deficiency of the Liver and Kidney. Suitable formulas include Zhen Gan Wan (Settling Liver Pill), Yang Gan Wan (Sheep Liver Pill), and Tu Si Zi San (Dodder Seed Powder).

Vessels Piercing Pupil: Red vessels on the white sclera traverse through the pupil. This is due to heat congestion in the Heart and Lung, causing photophobia, grittiness, and pain. Suitable formulas include Sha Tang Jian (Rock Sugar Decoction) and Tui Chi San (Redness-Reducing Powder).

Eyelid Inversion with Redness and Swelling: Eyelids evert with redness and swelling, caused by wind-heat in the Spleen meridian leading to blood stasis. Suitable formulas include Qing Liang Tui Chi San (Cooling and Redness-Reducing Powder) and Bai Long San (White Dragon Powder).

Cold Tears Facing Wind: Continuous tearing during autumn and winter, caused by cold pathogenic qi affecting the Liver and Spleen meridians. Suitable formulas include Chu Shi Zi San (Eucommia Seed Powder), Sang Ye Jian (Mulberry Leaf Decoction), and Huai Pi Jian (Locust Bark Decoction).

Protruding Eye (Crab Eye): Name for eyes protruding beyond the orbit. Caused by long-term heat congestion in the Heart and Lung meridians, resulting in redness and swelling of the Blood Wheel and excessive tearing. Suitable formulas include Chun Xue Gao (Spring Snow Ointment), Huang Lian Gao (Coptis Ointment), and Dian Yan Gao Zi (Eye-Dotting Paste). In children, protruding eyes are also called Crab Eye; suitable formula is Huang Bo (Phellodendron) decoction taken slowly.

Dilated Pupil: Caused by excessive consumption of pungent and hot foods. Pungency aids fire, and fire pathogen ascends to the brain, scattering essence, causing blurred and enlarged vision. This is due to scant essence, blood deficiency, weak yin, and depleted water. Suitable formulas include Wu Wei Zi Tang (Schisandra Decoction), Shu Gan Di Huang Wan (Prepared Rehmannia Earth Pill), Ming Mu Yi Shen Wan (Bright-Eye and Kidney-Benefiting Pill), Cong Rong Wan (Cistanche Pill), and Qi Ling Wan (Cuscuta and Poria Pill).

Able to See Far but Not Near: Due to insufficient yang qi and excess yin qi. Qi deficiency with blood excess leads to flourishing yin-fire and declining yang qi. Suitable formula is Bu Yang Huo Xue Tang (Tonifying Yang and Invigorating Blood Decoction).

Able to See Near but Not Far: Due to excess yang qi and insufficient yin water. Blood deficiency with qi excess leads to flourishing yang qi and scant yin water. Suitable formulas include Di Zhi Wan (Cornus and Angelica Pill), Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Pill), and Ming Mu Yi Shen Wan (Bright-Eye and Kidney-Benefiting Pill).