齿痛也。足阳明入上齿中，手阳明入下齿中，故按其阳脉之来，其脉太过者其经必独热，而其左右上下，
亦因其部而可察也。龋，其雨切。）诊血脉者，多赤多热，多青多痛，多黑为久痹，多赤、多黑、多
青皆见者寒热。（血脉者，言各部之络脉也。赤、黑、青皆见者，阴阳互胜之色，故或寒或热。）身痛而
色微黄，齿垢黄，爪甲上黄，黄胆也。安卧，小便黄赤，脉小而涩者，不嗜食。（黄胆，黄病也。
疸有阴阳，脉小而涩者为阴疸。阴疸者脾土弱也，故不嗜食。）婴儿病，其头毛皆逆上者必死。（婴儿渐成，
水为之本。发者，肾水之荣。头毛逆上者，水不足则发干焦，如草之枯者，必劲直而竖也。不特既病，即
无病而头毛逆上者，亦非佳兆。）耳间青脉起者掣痛。（耳者，少阳胆之经。青者，厥阴肝之色。肝胆本为表
里，青主痛，肝主筋，故为掣痛。掣，音彻。）大便赤瓣，飧泄，脉小者，手足寒，难已。飧泄脉小，
手足温，泄易已。（赤瓣者，血秽成条、成片也。赤瓣、飧泄，火居血分，若脉小而手足寒，是为相反，所以
难已。若止于飧泄而无赤瓣，非火证也，脉虽小而手足温，以脾主四肢而脾气尚和，所以易已。瓣，瓜瓤之
类也。）四时之变，寒暑之胜，重阴必阳，重阳必阴，故阴主寒，阳主热，寒甚则热，热甚则寒，寒生热，
热生寒，皆阴阳之变也。故曰冬伤于寒，春生瘅热；春伤于风，夏生后泄肠 ；夏伤于暑，秋生 疟；秋
伤于湿，冬生咳嗽。是谓四时之序也。（阴阳之气，极则必变，故寒极则生热，热极则生寒，此天地
四时消长更胜之道也。瘅，温热之病。）
夫脉之小、大、滑、涩、浮、沉，可以指别；（得之于手，应之于心也。）五脏之象，可
以类推；（象，气象也。）五脏相音。
可以意识；（相，形相也。音，五音也。相音，皆可意会而识也。）五色微诊，可以目察。（五色者，其
常色也。至于互为生克，诊有精微，目明智圆者，可以视察而知也。）能合脉色，可以万全。（因脉以知其内，
因色以察其外，脉色明则参合无遗，内外明则表里俱见，斯可万全无失矣。）赤脉之至也，喘而坚，诊曰
有积气在中，时害于食，名曰心痹，得之外疾，思虑而心虚，故邪从之；（此即所以合脉色也。赤
者心之色，脉喘而坚者，谓急甚如喘而坚强也。心脏居高，病则脉为喘状，故于心肺二脏独有之。喘为心
气不足，坚为病气有余。心脉起于心胸之中，故积气在中，时害于食。积为病气积聚，痹为脏气不行。外疾，外
邪也。思虑心虚，故外邪从而居之。）白脉之至也，喘而浮，上虚下实，惊，有积气在胸中。喘而虚，名曰肺
痹，寒热，得之醉而使内也；（白者，肺色见也。脉喘而浮者，火乘金而病在肺也。喘为气
不足，浮为肺阴虚，肺虚于上，则气不行而积于下，故上虚则为惊，下实则为积气在胸中。喘而且虚，病为
肺痹者，肺气不行而失其治节也。寒热者，金火相争，金胜则寒，火胜则热也。其因醉以入房，则火必更炽，水
必更亏，肾虚盗及母气，故肺病若是矣。）青脉之至也，长而左右弹，有积气在心下支 ，名曰肝痹，得之
寒湿，与疝同法，腰痛、足清、头痛；（青者，肝色见也。长而左右弹，言两手俱长而弦强
也。弹，搏击之义。此以肝邪有余，故气积心下，及于支 ，因成肝痹。然得之寒湿而积于心下支 者，
则为肝痹；积于小腹前阴者，则为疝气。总属厥阴之寒邪，故云“与疝同法”。肝脉起于足大指，与督脉会
于巅，故病必腰痛、足冷、头痛也。）黄脉之至也，大而虚，有积气在腹中，有厥气，名曰厥疝，女子同法，
得之疾使四肢，汗出当风；（黄者，脾色见也。脉大为邪气甚，虚为中气虚，中虚则脾不能运，故有积
气在腹中。脾虚则木乘其弱，水无所畏而肝肾之气上逆，是为厥气。且脾、肝、肾三经皆结于阴器，故名
曰“厥疝”，而男女无异也。四肢皆禀气
于脾，疾使之则劳伤脾气而汗易泄，汗泄则表虚而风邪客之，故为是病。）黑脉之至也，上坚而大，有积气
在小腹与阴，名曰肾痹，得之沐浴清水而卧。（黑者，肾色见也，上言尺之上，即尺外以候肾也。）
肾主下焦，脉坚而且大者，肾邪有余，故主积气在小腹与阴处，因成肾痹。其得于沐浴清水而卧者，以寒
湿内侵而气归同类。故病在下焦而邪居于肾。凡相五色之奇脉，面黄目青，面黄目赤，面黄目白，面黄目
黑者，皆不死也；（凡此色脉之不死者，皆兼面黄，盖五行以土为本而胃气之犹在也。）面青目赤，面赤目白，
面青目黑，面黑目白，面赤目青，皆死也。（此脉色之皆死者，以无黄色。无黄色则胃气已绝，
故死。上言合脉色以图万全，此言五色亦可以决死生也。）经有常色，络无常变，心赤、肺白、肝青、脾黄、
肾黑，皆亦应其经脉之色也。（五脏合于五行，故五色各有所主，而经脉之色亦与本脏相应，是
谓“经之常色”。但言五脏而不及六腑者，以五脏为主，言脏则腑在其中矣。凡三阴、三阳、十二经之常色，
皆当以此类推。）阴络之色应其经，阳络之色变无常，随四时而行也。（此言络有阴阳，而色与经应，
亦有同异也。经脉为里，支而横者为络，络之别者为孙，故合经络而言，则经在里为阴，络在外为阳。若单以
络脉为言，则又有大络孙络、在内在外之别。深而在内者，是为阴络，阴络近经，色则应之，故分五行以配五
脏，而色有常也；浅而在外者，是为阳络，阳络浮显，色不应经，故随四时之气以为进退，而变无常也。阳
络伤则血外溢，阴络伤则血内溢，其义可知矣。）寒多则凝泣，凝泣则青黑；热多则淖泽，淖泽则黄赤。
（此即阳络之变色也。泣，涩同。淖，濡润也。）此皆常色，谓之无病。五色具见者，谓之寒热。（常色者，
无病之色也。若五色具见，则阴阳变乱，失其常矣，故为往来寒热之病。）
病有久暴，征其脉小色不夺者，新病也；（征，验也。脉小者、邪气不盛。色不夺者，形盛未伤，
故为新病。）征其脉不夺，其色
夺者，此久病也；（病久而经气不夺者有之，未有病久而形色不变者，故脉不夺而色夺者为久病。）征其脉
与五色俱夺者，此久病也；（表里俱伤也。）征其脉与五色俱不夺者，新病也。（表里俱无恙也。）肝与
肾脉并至，其色苍赤，当病毁伤，不见血，已见血，湿若中水也。（肝脉弦，肝主筋。肾脉沉，肾主骨。苍
者，肝肾之色，青而黑也。赤者，心火之色，心主血也。脉见弦沉而色苍赤者，筋、骨、血、脉
俱病，故必当为毁伤也。凡毁伤筋骨者，无论不见血，已见血，其血必凝，其经必滞，气血凝滞，形必肿满，
故如湿气在经而同于中水之状。此举不内外因之色脉与分久暴之色脉言之，欲以开群蒙也。）故色见青如草滋
者死，（如草滋者，纯于青而色深也。此以土败木贼，全失红黄之气，故死。）黄如枳实者死，（黄黑不泽也。）
黑如 者死，（ ，烟煤也。 ，音台。）赤如 血者死，（ 血，死血也，赤紫而黑。 ，铺杯切。）白如
枯骨者死，枯槁无神也。此五色之见死也。（脏气败于中，则神色夭于外。夭必死也。）青如翠羽者生，
赤如鸡冠者生，黄如蟹腹者生，白如豕膏者生，黑如乌羽者生，此五色之见生也。（此皆五
色之明润光彩者，故见之者生。）生于心，如以缟裹朱；生于肺，如以缟裹红；生于肝，如以缟裹绀；生于脾，
如以缟裹栝蒌实；生于肾，如以缟裹紫，此五脏所生之外荣也。（生，生气也。言五脏所生之正色也。缟，
素帛也。以缟裹五物者，谓外皆白净而五色隐然内见也。朱与红皆赤，朱言其深，红言其浅也。绀，青而含赤
也。凡此皆五脏所生之正色，盖以气足于中，而后色荣于外者若此。前言精明五色者，气之华也，乃望其华以
辨其色；此言色见以下，以别生死，乃见其色以求其华耳，似同而不同也，当并参之。绀，高暗切。）
Toothache. The Foot-Yangming (Stomach Meridian) enters the upper teeth, and the Hand-Yangming (Large Intestine Meridian) enters the lower teeth. Therefore, when palpating the arrival of Yang pulses, if the pulse is excessive, the corresponding meridian must be uniquely hot, and the areas to its left, right, above, and below can also be examined according to their respective regions. (Qu, pronounced 'yu'.) When diagnosing blood vessels, a predominance of red indicates heat; a predominance of green indicates pain; a predominance of black indicates chronic Bi syndrome (obstruction). If red, black, and green are all present, it indicates alternating cold and heat. (Blood vessels here refer to the collateral vessels of various parts. The simultaneous presence of red, black, and green represents colors of mutual excess of Yin and Yang, hence presenting as either cold or heat.) Body pain with slightly yellow complexion, yellowish dental calculus, and yellow nails indicate Huangdan disease (Jaundice). Lethargy, yellow-red urine, and small, choppy pulses indicate poor appetite. (Huangdan refers to yellow disease. Dan is divided into Yin and Yang types; small and choppy pulses indicate Yin Dan. Yin Dan results from weak Spleen Earth, leading to poor appetite.) In infants with illness, if the head hair stands upright in reverse direction, death is certain. (Infants develop gradually, with Kidney Water as the root. Hair is the flourishing manifestation of Kidney Water. When head hair grows upward in reverse, it signifies insufficient Water causing dryness and scorching of the hair, resembling withered grass that stands stiffly and vertically. This is ominous not only during illness but even in healthy infants whose hair stands upright.) The appearance of green veins between the ears indicates pulling pain. (The ear is the pathway of the Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian. Green is the color of the Jueyin Liver. The Liver and Gallbladder are interior-exterior pairs; green signifies pain, and the Liver governs sinews, thus manifesting as pulling pain. Che, pronounced 'che'.) Stools containing bloody fragments (Chiban), undigested food diarrhea (Sunxie), accompanied by small pulses and cold hands and feet, are difficult to cure. However, if Sunxie presents with small pulses but warm hands and feet, the diarrhea is easy to cure. (Chiban refers to blood mixed with fecal matter forming strips or pieces. Chiban and Sunxie indicate Fire pathogen residing in the Blood level. If the pulse is small and hands/feet are cold, this contradicts the pathology, making it difficult to cure. If there is only Sunxie without Chiban, it is not a Fire pattern; although the pulse is small, warm hands/feet indicate that the Spleen governs the four limbs and Spleen Qi is still harmonious, hence easy to cure. Ban resembles melon pulp.) Changes of the four seasons, the victory of cold over heat and vice versa: Heavy Yin transforms into Yang, Heavy Yang transforms into Yin. Thus, Yin governs Cold, Yang governs Heat. Extreme Cold generates Heat, extreme Heat generates Cold; Cold generates Heat, Heat generates Cold—all are transformations of Yin and Yang. Hence it is said: Injury by Cold in Winter leads to Hot Disease (Danre) in Spring; Injury by Wind in Spring leads to delayed diarrhea and intestinal dysentery (Xiangpi) in Summer; Injury by Summer-heat in Summer leads to Malaria in Autumn; Injury by Dampness in Autumn leads to Cough in Winter. This is called the order of the four seasons. (Yin and Yang Qi, upon reaching extremity, must transform; thus extreme Cold generates Heat, extreme Heat generates Cold. This is the way of waxing and waning among Heaven, Earth, and the four seasons. Dan refers to warm-heat diseases.)
The small, large, slippery, choppy, floating, and sinking qualities of pulses can be distinguished by fingers; (Perceived by hand, responded to by heart.) The images of the Five Zang organs can be inferred by analogy; (Image refers to physiological manifestations.) The sounds of the Five Zang organs can be perceived mentally; (Xiang refers to form/appearance; Yin refers to the Five Tones. Xiang and Yin can be understood through mental perception.) The subtle diagnosis of Five Colors can be observed by eyes. (Five Colors refer to normal complexions. Regarding their mutual generation and restriction, diagnostic subtleties allow those with clear vision and wise minds to observe and know.) Combining pulse and color diagnosis ensures perfection. (By pulse, one knows the interior; by color, one observes the exterior. Clear pulse and color analysis leaves no omission; clarity of interior and exterior reveals both surface and depth, ensuring no error.)
When the pulse arrives rapid and firm, diagnosis indicates accumulation of Qi in the middle, occasionally hindering food intake, named Xinbi (Heart Obstruction), caused by external pathogens due to Heart deficiency from excessive thinking; (This exemplifies combining pulse and color. Red is the color of the Heart. A rapid and firm pulse means urgency like panting and hardness. The Heart resides high; when diseased, the pulse appears rapid, unique to Heart and Lung. Rapid indicates Heart Qi deficiency; firm indicates excess pathogenic Qi. Heart pulse originates in the chest; thus accumulation in the middle hinders eating. Accumulation is pathogenic gathering; Bi is stagnation of Zang Qi. External illness refers to external pathogens. Thinking causes Heart deficiency, allowing external pathogens to reside.)
When the pulse arrives rapid and floating, with deficiency above and excess below, fright, and accumulation of Qi in the chest. If the pulse is rapid and deficient, it is named Feibi (Lung Obstruction), with alternating cold and heat, caused by sexual activity after drunkenness; (White is the color of the Lung. Rapid and floating pulse indicates Fire attacking Metal, disease in Lung. Rapid indicates Qi deficiency; floating indicates Lung Yin deficiency. Deficiency above causes Qi stagnation below, so upper deficiency leads to fright, lower excess leads to chest accumulation. Rapid and deficient Lung Bi indicates failure of Lung Qi regulation. Alternating cold and heat result from Metal-Fire conflict; Metal excess brings cold, Fire excess brings heat. Drunkenness and sex intensify Fire and deplete Water; Kidney deficiency steals Mother Qi, resulting in such Lung disease.)
When the pulse arrives long and beating to the sides, with accumulation of Qi supporting under the heart, named Ganbi (Liver Obstruction), caused by cold-dampness, treated similarly to Hernia (Shan), with symptoms of lower back pain, cold feet, and headache; (Green is the color of the Liver. Long and beating to sides means both wrists show long, wiry, and strong pulses. Beating implies striking. This is Liver pathogen excess, causing Qi accumulation under the heart and support area, forming Liver Bi. Caused by cold-damp accumulating under heart/support is Liver Bi; accumulating in lower abdomen/genitals is Hernia. Both belong to Jueyin Cold pathogen, hence "treated like Hernia". Liver meridian starts at big toe, meets Du vessel at vertex, so disease manifests as back pain, cold feet, headache.)
When the pulse arrives large and deficient, with accumulation of Qi in the abdomen and rebellious Qi, named Jueshan, women treated similarly, caused by strenuous limb movement with sweat exposed to wind; (Yellow is the color of the Spleen. Large pulse indicates severe pathogen; deficient indicates Middle Qi deficiency. Middle deficiency impairs Spleen transport, causing abdominal Qi accumulation. Spleen deficiency allows Wood to invade weakness; Water lacks fear, causing Liver-Kidney Qi rebellion, called Rebellious Qi. Spleen, Liver, Kidney meridians converge at genitals, hence "Jueshan", same for men/women. Limbs rely on Spleen Qi; strenuous activity injures Spleen, causing easy sweating. Sweating makes exterior deficient, allowing Wind pathogen invasion, causing this disease.)
When the pulse arrives hard and large above, with accumulation of Qi in lower abdomen and genitals, named Shenbi (Kidney Obstruction), caused by bathing in cold water and lying down. (Black is the color of the Kidney. "Above" refers to the upper part of the Chi position, outside the radial bone, assessing the Kidney.) Kidney governs the Lower Jiao. Hard and large pulses indicate Kidney pathogen excess, governing accumulation in lower abdomen/genitals, forming Kidney Bi. Bathing in cold water and lying down allows cold-damp to invade internally, with Qi returning to its kind. Thus disease is in Lower Jiao, pathogen resides in Kidney. Regarding the odd pulses of Five Colors: Yellow face with green/red/white/black eyes all survive; (Survival cases all feature yellow face, as Earth is the root of Five Elements and Stomach Qi remains.) Green face with red eyes, Red face with white eyes, Green face with black eyes, Black face with white eyes, Red face with green eyes all die. (Death cases lack yellow color. Lack of yellow means Stomach Qi is exhausted, hence death. Above stated combining pulse/color for perfection; here Five Colors determine life/death.) Meridians have constant colors, collaterals have variable changes. Heart red, Lung white, Liver green, Spleen yellow, Kidney black correspond to their meridian colors. (Five Zang correspond to Five Elements; each color has specific governance, and meridian colors correspond to their Zang. This is "Constant Color of Meridians". Only Zang mentioned because they are primary; mentioning Zang includes Fu. Constant colors of Three Yin/Yang and Twelve Meridians follow this analogy.) Yin collateral colors correspond to their meridians; Yang collateral colors change constantly, following the four seasons. (Collaterals have Yin/Yang; color correspondence varies. Meridians are interior; branching horizontal vessels are collaterals; branchlets of collaterals are Sun collaterals. Generally, meridians are interior (Yin), collaterals exterior (Yang). Specifically, large/Sun collaterals have inner/outer distinctions. Deep/inner are Yin collaterals, close to meridians, colors correspond, mapped to Five Elements/Zang, hence constant colors. Superficial/outer are Yang collaterals, floating, colors do not correspond to meridians, vary with seasonal Qi, hence variable. Injury to Yang collateral causes external bleeding; injury to Yin collateral causes internal bleeding.) Excess Cold causes coagulation and stagnation, appearing blue-black; Excess Heat causes moisture and lubrication, appearing yellow-red. (These are color changes of Yang collaterals. Qi is same as Se. Nao means moist.) These are constant colors, indicating no disease. Appearance of all five colors indicates alternating cold and heat. (Constant color means no disease. All five colors appearing indicates Yin-Yang disorder and loss of normalcy, hence alternating cold/heat disease.)
Diseases have chronic and acute forms. If pulse is small and complexion is unimpaired, it is an acute disease; (Zheng means verify. Small pulse indicates weak pathogen. Unimpaired complexion indicates intact constitution, hence acute disease.) If pulse is unimpaired but complexion is impaired, it is a chronic disease; (Chronic disease may spare Jing Qi, but never spares form/color. Thus unimpaired pulse with impaired complexion indicates chronic disease.) If both pulse and five colors are impaired, it is a chronic disease; (Interior and exterior both injured.) If both pulse and five colors are unimpaired, it is an acute disease. (No interior/exterior pathology.) When Liver and Kidney pulses arrive together, with cyan-red complexion, injury is expected. Whether bleeding occurred or not, it resembles dampness in meridians or water intoxication. (Liver pulse wiry, Liver governs sinews. Kidney pulse deep, Kidney governs bones. Cyan is Liver/Kidney color, green-black. Red is Heart Fire color, Heart governs blood. Wiry/deep pulse with cyan-red color indicates sinew, bone, blood, and vessel pathology, hence injury. For sinew/bone injury, regardless of bleeding, blood coagulates, meridians stagnate, Qi-blood stagnation causes swelling, resembling dampness/water intoxication. This illustrates non-internal/external cause colors/pulses and chronic/acute differentiation, aiming to enlighten the ignorant.)
Therefore, complexion like dead grass (Caozi) dies; (Pure deep green. Earth failure and Wood attack, losing red/yellow Qi, hence death.) Like dried orange peel (Zhisshi) dies; (Yellow-black dull.) Like ash/mud dies; (Ash/Mud, pronounced 'tai'.) Like clotted blood dies; (Clotted blood is dark purple-black. Pu, pronounced 'pu'.) Like withered bone dies; (Withered and spiritless. These five colors indicate death.) Organ Qi failure internally leads to premature aging externally. Premature aging means death. Complexion like kingfisher feather lives; like chicken comb lives; like crab belly lives; like pig fat lives; like crow feather lives. These five colors indicate life. (All are bright, lustrous, and radiant, hence life.) Life in Heart is like silk wrapping cinnabar; Life in Lung is like silk wrapping red; Life in Liver is like silk wrapping bluish-purple; Life in Spleen is like silk wrapping Trichosanthes fruit; Life in Kidney is like silk wrapping purple. These are the external flourishing of Five Zang Sheng Qi. (Sheng means vital energy. Refers to correct colors generated by Zang. Gao is plain silk. Wrapping items in silk means white exterior with hidden inner colors. Zhu and Hong are red; Zhu is deep, Hong is shallow. Gan is blue-green containing red. These are correct colors generated by Zang, indicating sufficient internal Qi leading to external flourishing. Previous text spoke of observing brilliance to distinguish color; this section distinguishes life/death by seeking brilliance within color. Similar yet different, should be studied together. Gan, pronounced 'gan'.)