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The wind qi of mountainous areas tends to produce more males; the damp qi of marshes tends to produce more females; water-dampness qi tends to cause aphonia (loss of voice); wind pathogen tends to cause deafness; wood/forest qi tends to cause kyphosis (hunchback); stone/rock qi tends to confer strength; dangerous/rugged qi tends to cause goiter (neck swelling); summer-heat qi tends to cause disability; cloud/mist qi tends to confer longevity; valley qi tends to cause Bi syndrome (obstruction syndrome); hill qi tends to cause edema; plain qi tends to foster benevolence; mound qi tends to foster greed. The spirit of the brain is called "Jue"; the spirit of the origin of Yuan Qi is called "Xuanhua"; the spirit of the eyes is called "Xuyan"; the spirit of the nose is called "Chonglong"; the spirit of the tongue is called "Shiliang". (From *Suosui Lu*)

Since ancient times, disease names have largely differed. If one searches hastily for verification, it often leads to doubt and obstruction. Without differentiation, how can one guide the public? Moreover, people commonly refer to "Yin Du Shang Han" (Yin Toxin Cold Damage) as the most severe illness. In reality, this is a manifestation of the "Yin Yi" condition mentioned in the *I Ching*. Using one disease name while involving three distinct conditions makes treatment vastly inaccurate. One must not realize that Yin Du, Shaoyin disease, and Yin Yi are three completely different pathological states with entirely different treatments. Ancient records of formulas and symptoms were very clear, but modern confusion harms people deeply. For instance, terms like "Chang Feng" (Intestinal Wind), "Zang Du" (Visceral Toxin), "Ke Ni" (Cough Reversal), and "Man Jing" (Slow Convulsion) do not appear in extensive formula treatises. Upon deep investigation: "Chang Feng" refers to bleeding from intestinal hemorrhoids; "Zang Du" refers to gu-toxin dysentery; "Ke Ni" is another name for "Yue Ni" (hiccup/rebellious qi); "Man Jing" refers to Yin Xian (chronic infantile convulsion). If one ignores ancient knowledge while only knowing the present, how can one serve as a guardian of life? Furthermore, classical terminology is often elegant and obscure. For example, dysentery is called "Zhi Xia" (stagnant downward flow); foot disease is called "Xianggang Jiao" (Hong Kong Foot); Lin syndrome is called "Long Bi" (difficulty urinating); excess-type constipation is called "Mi Jie"; epidemic diseases are called "Shang Han"; Li Jie syndrome is called "Bai Hu Li Jie" (White Tiger Joint Pain); Ge Qi is called "Gao Huang"; wheezing and cough are called "Ke Ni"; rigidity is called "Jing" (spasm); muteness is called "Yin"; flaccidity is called "Fei"; palpitations are called "Ji"; phlegm is distinguished from fluid retention ("Yin"); jaundice is called "Dan". Such examples abound and require discussion. Moreover, when multiple symptoms resemble each other or two diseases share a name, confusion arises. Consequently, people often categorize Shang Han, Zhong Feng, Re Bing, and Wen Yi all under "Shang Han"; they attribute skin distension, drum-like distension, Chang Tan, and Shi Xia all to water-dampness; they treat Zhong Feng exclusively with phlegm-resolving herbs; they misidentify Dai Xia (leukorrhea) as Lao Ji (consumptive disease); they fail to distinguish the root of Fu Liang (abdominal mass); and they fail to differentiate between wind-induced Zhong Feng and epidemic diseases. This is a common malpractice among physicians today. Therefore, I clarify these distinctions. (From *Jifeng Fang*)

In the four seasons, cold, heat, dryness, dampness, and wind interact, easily causing various diseases; thus, preventive observation is necessary. A slight lapse in prevention allows them to invade the human body. Additionally, epidemic diseases and malarial fevers spread contagiously. Human Zang organs vary in size, height, depth, firmness, correctness, and inclination; Fu organs vary in length, thickness, and tension. Innate constitutions differ as much as facial features. Some suffer from minor ailments throughout life; others cling to a single chronic disease. This may be due to dietary preferences for specific flavors, animals, insects, vegetables, or fruits; or long-term ingestion of minerals, plants, animal products, or bitter/pungent medicines. There are those who transition from nobility to poverty, from wealth to destitution; those who remain consistently wealthy/noble; those who suddenly gain wealth/status; those who experience sudden suffering or joy; those who start happy but end in sorrow; and those who endure separation, depression, fear, anger, or delight. Thus, the constantly wealthy dislike labor; the proud and lazy lack vitality; excessive affairs exhaust Shen (Spirit); excessive speech disrupts Qi; excessive laughter damages Fu organs; excessive fear intimidates Zhi (Will); excessive joy scatters Yi (Intent); excessive happiness causes forgetfulness; excessive anger destabilizes the collaterals; excessive aversion leads to haggardness and sorrow; excessive indulgence causes confusion and instability. These are not caused by external pathogens but arise internally. Excellent physicians must carefully investigate the etiology, first identifying where the Zang-Fu and meridians are affected, and then distinguishing between external contraction and internal generation. Only then can treatment be infallible.