葛洪，自号抱朴子。钞金匮药方万卷。《肘后急要方》四卷。（《晋书》）
《神农本草》，药六百三十五种。梁陶弘景复增汉魏以下名医所用药六百三十五种，谓之《名医别录》。
弘景，字通明，宋
末为诸王侍读，归隐句曲山，号华阳隐居。武帝每咨访之。年八十五卒，谥贞白先生。（《本草纲目》）
褚澄，字彦通。齐河南阳翟人，博学善医，官尚书，着《医论》一卷，发身中造化之秘。（《医学入门》）
《褚氏遗书》一卷，旧本题南齐褚澄撰。凡十篇，宋嘉泰中始有刊版。云唐清泰中黄巢乱时，群盗发冢，
得之于石刻，殆出根据托，然颇能发气血阴阳之奥。其论寡妇、僧尼之异治，发前人所未发。论吐血、便血，戒
饮寒凉，尤为精识。伪书中之最有理致者也。○《巢氏诸病源候论》五十卷，隋大业中，巢元方等奉敕撰，凡
六十七门一千七百二十论。但论病源，不载方药。唐王焘作《外台秘要》，宋太平兴国中撰《圣惠方》，皆采
是书所论，冠诸门之首，则历代宝为圭杲矣。（《四库全书简明目录》）
《雷公药对》，北齐徐之才撰。李时珍曰∶陶氏前已有此书。盖黄帝时雷公所着，之才增饰之尔。之才，
丹阳人，博识善医，历任北齐终尚书左仆射，年八十卒，谥衣冠文物。（《本草纲目》）
孙思邈，唐京兆华原人。幼称神童，隋文帝召，不拜。太宗召见，拜谏议大夫。固辞，隐太白山，学道养
气，精究医业，着《千金方》三十卷，《脉经》一卷。（《医学入门》）
相传孙思邈有降龙伏虎之说，余问于先子，先子曰∶此亦当时之寓言耳。盖今之肝气横逆，胁痛呕恶，目
张痉厥，非狰狞之逆龙乎？而肺气不宣，喘急痰壅，便溺俱无，非猖狂之猛虎乎？当此之际，有慧心明手，一
匕投之，其病如失，是即孙思邈之降龙伏虎也。子辈读书，由此说而隅反之，自可日进于道矣。○唐有韦氏，
名讯道，号慈藏者，施药济人，仰为药王，医史可考。今有无知僧道，以药王之像塑为卉服，与神农无异，藉
通书所载，每年四月二十八日药王诞之语，影射惑人，以致世俗误称三皇为药王。殊为可笑！（《吴医汇讲》）
陈藏器，唐开元中京兆府三原县尉，撰《本草拾遗》十卷。
○王冰，号启元子，唐宝应中为太仆令。注《素问》，作《元珠密语》，论五运六气。○甄权，唐许州扶沟人，
以母病究集方书，遂为高医。仕隋为秘书省正字。贞观中，太宗幸其舍，卒年百三岁。撰《脉经》、针方《明
堂》等图。（《医学入门》）
《太医局程文》九卷，不着编辑者名氏，皆南宋考试医学之文。原本久佚，今从《永乐大典》录出，凡墨
义九道，脉义六道，大义三十七道，论方八道，假令十八道，运气九道，盖当时命题，分此六格也。（《四库
全书简明目录》）
钱乙，字仲阳，宋之钱塘人。自患周痹，杜门阅书史，非独医可称也。得仲景之阃奥，建为五脏之方。厥
后，张元素、刘守真、张从政尽皆取法。今人但知其为婴儿医也。着《伤寒指微论》五卷，《婴儿》百篇。
○许叔微，字知可，宋白沙人。着《本事方》。撰《伤寒辨疑》。○孙兆，宋太医令，用和之子。父子皆以医
知名。○庞时，字安常，宋靳水人。注《难经辨》数万言，作《本草补遗》。○杨介，字吉老，泗州人。以医
闻四方，着有《存真图》。○朱肱，号无求子，宋吴兴人。深于伤寒，着《活人书》。○陈文中，字文秀，宋宿
州人。明大、小方脉，于小儿疹痘，尤臻其妙。淳佑中，与郑惠卿同编《幼幼新书》，又着《小儿病源方论》
一卷。○日华子，宋开宝中明人，撰《诸家本草》。○杨土瀛，字登父，号仁斋，宋三山名医。着《仁斋直指》。
（《医学入门》）
有谓刘守真长于治火，斯言未知守真所长也。守真高迈明敏，其所治多在推陈致新，不使少有怫郁，正
造化新新不停之意。医不知此，是无术也。此王海藏之言，海藏乃东垣高弟，尚推毂如此，则其邃学可知。
（《医旨绪余》）
《病机气宜保命集》三卷，金张元素撰。旧题刘完素者，误也。其书分三十二门，于脉证多所阐明。李濂
《医史》，称刘完素病伤寒不能自医，得元素医之乃愈。则其术在完素上矣。
（《四库全书简明目录》）
金易州张元素，字洁古，举进士不第，去学医。深阐轩岐秘奥，言古方新病不相能，自成家法。辨药性
之气味、阴阳、浓薄、升降、浮沉、补泻，立为主治秘诀，心法要旨，谓之《珍珠囊》，后人翻为韵语，谓之
《东垣珍珠囊》，谬矣。○《雷公炮炙论》，刘宋时雷 所着，非黄帝时雷公也。（李时珍）
张戴人，医亦奇杰也。世人不究其用意，议其治疾惟事攻击，即明理如丹溪，亦讥其偏，令人畏汗吐下
三法如虎，并其书置之不与睫交，予甚冤之。人之受病，如寇入国，不逐寇而先拊循，适足以养寇而扰民也。
戴人有见于是，故以攻疾为急，疾去而后调养。是得靖寇安民之法矣。彼麻黄、瓜蒂、大承气，非攻击之剂哉！
审缓急而用之，此仲景意也。且戴人名其书曰《儒门事亲》，岂有儒者事亲而行霸道以害其亲者哉！因着于篇，
以为戴人辨白。（《医旨绪余》）
成无已，金之聊摄人，家世儒医。注《伤寒论》十卷，《明理论》三卷，《论方》一卷。（《医学入门》）
《用药法象》凡一卷，元真定李杲着。皋字明之，号东垣，通《春秋》、《书》、《易》，富而好
施，为济源盐税官。受业于张洁古，尽得其学，人称神医。祖洁古《珍珠囊》着为此书，谓世人惑于内伤、外
感，混同施治，乃辨其脉证、元气、阴火、饮食、劳倦、有余、不足，着《辨惑论》三卷、《脾胃论》三卷，
推明《素问》、《难经》、《本草》、《脉诀》及杂病方论，着《医学发明》九卷，《兰室秘藏》五卷，辨析
经络、脉法，分比伤寒六经之则，着《此事难知》二卷，别有痈疽、眼目诸书及《试效方》，皆其门人所集述
者也。○《汤液本草》凡二卷，元医学教授古赵王好古撰。好古，字进之，号海藏，东垣高弟，医之儒者也。
取《本草》及张仲景、成无已、张洁古、李东垣之书，间附己意，集而为此，别着《汤液大法》四卷，《医垒
元戎》十卷，《阴证略例》、《斑
论萃英》、《钱氏补遗》各一卷。（李时珍）
罗天益，字谦甫，东垣先生高弟。元朝真定人，着《卫生宝鉴》、《药类法象》。○吴恕，字如心，号蒙斋，
元之仁和人。着《伤寒指掌图》。○危亦林，号达斋，官本州医学教授。编《得效方》十九卷。（《医学入门》）
《本草衍义补遗》。元末朱震亨着。震亨，义乌人，字彦修，从许白云讲道，世称丹溪先生。尝从罗太无
学医，遂得刘、张、李三家之旨而推展之，为医家宗主。着有《格致余论》、《局方发挥》、《伤寒辨疑》、
《外科精要新论》、《风水问答》诸书。（李时珍）
赵良，字以德，号云居，元之浦江人。从丹溪先生学医，着《医学宗旨》、《金匮方衍义》。（《医学入门》）
《外科精义》二卷，元齐德之撰。其说皆先求疡疾之本，而量其阴阳弱强以施疗，大旨近东垣之学。故
后人附刻《东垣十书》中，或竟引为东垣《外科精义》，则非也。（《四库全书简明目录》）
葛干孙，字以久，吴平江人。膂力绝伦，击刺战阵，百家众技，靡不精究。及长，折节读书，应进士亚选，
遂不复应试。传药书方论，有《医学启蒙》，又《经络十二论》、《十药神书》。○吕复，字符膺，号沦洲，
吕东莱之后。以母病攻岐扁术，师事郑礼。延医，效无不神。○刘纯，字宗浓，关中人。博学群书，尤精医道。
得丹溪之业，纂《伤寒治例》、《医经国小》、《玉机微义》等书。○戴元礼，号复庵，国朝浦江人。从医丹
溪先生，永乐初，召为太医院使。着《证治要诀》。○王履，字安道，国朝昆山人，学医于丹溪先生，着《溯洄
集》、《百病钩元》。（《医学入门》）
余读《史记》，至太史公所称由光及伯夷之语，未尝不掩卷叹滑伯仁之术，而后无有彰之者。伯仁，我明
奇士，技艺之精，不下丹溪。盖丹溪为当时缙绅所游扬，又得戴元礼、刘宗浓诸名
士为弟子，故其名藉藉，而伯仁弗若之矣。何一阳有言∶历考上古高贤，若以岐伯为医中尼父，则仲景可为颜、
曾之陪；而河间、东垣，当在宰我、子贡之列。若伯仁义理精明，制作纯粹，可与游、夏之班。至彦修又下一
等矣。此论甚确。（《医旨绪余》）
王纶，字汝言，号节斋，浙江慈 人。弘治时，官至广东布政。因父病精医，着《明医杂着》，发丹溪所
未发。○方广，字约之，号古庵，嘉靖休宁人。着《丹溪心法附余》、《药性书》、《伤寒书》。（《医学入门》）
《薛氏医案》七十八卷，明薛己撰。盖裒其生平述作，共为一编，所自着者九种，订正旧本而附以己说者
十四种。其大旨以命门为真阴真阳，而气血为阴阳所化。常用者，不过十余方，而随机加减，变化不穷。后赵
献可作《医贯》。述己之说，而主持太过，遂至胶柱鼓瑟。非己之本意也。（《四库全书简明目录》）
陶华，字尚文，号节庵，余杭名医。着《伤寒琐言》。○熊宗立，号道轩，国朝建阳人。注解《难经》、
《脉诀》，撰《药性赋补遗》，集《妇人良方》。○虞搏，字天民，号恒德老人，正德花溪人。着《医学正传》、
《医学权舆》、《医学集成》。（《医学入门》）
李士材《读四大家论》，本自王节斋。大意谓三子补仲景之未备，而与仲景并峙也。然仲景医圣，德备四
时，试观《金匮》方中黄芩、白虎，已开河间之先也；建中、理中，已开东垣之先也；复脉、黄连阿胶，已开
丹溪之先也，然则谓三子得仲景之一德，而引伸条畅之则可。谓三子补仲景之未备，则未确也。○李士材先生所
着《医宗必读》一书，固已脍炙人口。然余窃有议焉∶夫必读者，轩岐之书也，越人、仲景之书也。下此而
《脉经》、《千金》、《外台》以及近代诸名家书，虽不能尽读，或取十之
六、七，或取十之三、四，不可不读矣。苟守长沙博闻强记之训，以探本穷源，则此又为浅医画限之书矣。改
其名曰∶不必读。○窃观富贵之家，投寒凉则忌，进温补则合，医之喜用温补者，遂有景岳派之名。殊不思景
岳，亦温凉并收之书也。观其论证，先述古而补以己见；分剂，先古方而补以新方。作者以全书名之，读者以
全书贯之，舍其短而录其长，则上而溯诸河间、易水、金华诸家，无不合也。更上而溯诸南阳医圣，亦无不合
也。而得景岳之益者，岂特在左归、右归而已哉！（《吴医汇讲》）
倪维德，字仲贤，号敕山，国朝三吴名医。着《医说》及《元机启微》。○韩 ，号飞霞道人，国朝蜀之沪
州人。弘治成化时，为诸生，不第褫缝掖，往峨眉访医，升庵杨太史称之曰∶真隐世传道人。《医通》二卷，
特其土苴云耳。○汪机，字省之，号石山。着有《重集脉诀刊误》二卷，《内经补注》、《本草会编》。（《医
学入门》）
《先醒斋广笔记》四卷，明缪希雍撰。希雍，字仲醇，常熟人。《明史·方技传》附见《李时珍传》中，
天启中，王绍徽作《点将录》，以东林诸人分发《水浒传》一百八人姓名，称希雍为神医安道全，以精于医理
故也。是编，初名《先醒斋笔记》，乃长兴丁元荐取希雍所用之方裒为一编，希雍又增益群方，兼采本草常用
之药，增至四百余品，又增入伤寒、温病、时疫治法，故曰《广笔记》。希雍与张介宾同时，介宾守法度，而
希雍颇能变化，介宾尚温补，而希雍颇用寒凉。亦若易水、河间，各为门径，然实各有所得力。朱国桢《涌幢
短剧》，记天启辛酉国桢患隔病，上下如分两截，中痛甚不能支，希雍至，用苏子五钱，即止。是亦足见其技
之工矣。（《四库全书总目》）
《尚论篇》八卷，国朝喻昌撰。因方有执《伤寒条辨》重为
补正，大旨一一相同，故有郭窃向注之谤。然首冠《尚论大意》一篇，原称方氏削王叔和序例，得尊经之旨。
太阳之篇，改叔和之旧，尤有卓识。而不达立言之旨者尚多，于是重定此书云云。叙改修源委甚明，原未讳所
自来也。（《四库全书简明目录》）
《石室秘录》六卷，国朝陈士铎撰。士铎，字远公，山阴人。是书托名岐伯所传，张机、华佗所发明，
雷公所增补。凡分一百二十八法，议论诡异。所列之方，多不经见。称康熙丁卯，遇岐伯诸人于京都，亲受其
法，前有岐伯序，自题中清殿下宏宣秘录无上天真大帝真君。又有张机序，自题广蕴真人。方术家固多根据托，
然未有怪妄至此者。亦拙于作伪矣。○《临证指南》医案十卷，国朝叶桂撰。桂字天士，吴县人，以医术名于
近时。然生平无所着述，是编乃门人取方药治验，分门别类，集为一书，附以论断，未必尽桂本意也。（《四
库全书总目》）
Ge Hong, who styled himself Baopuzi (Master Who Embraces Simplicity), copied ten thousand volumes of *Jingui Yaofang* (Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet) and four volumes of *Zhouhou Jibeifang* (Emergency Prescriptions Kept Up the Sleeve). (*Book of Jin*)
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* (Divine Farmer's Materia Medica) recorded 635 medicinal substances. Tao Hongjing of the Liang Dynasty added another 635 substances used by famous physicians since the Han and Wei dynasties, calling it *Mingyi Bielu* (Separate Record of Famous Physicians).
Tao Hongjing, courtesy name Tongming, served as a tutor to princes in the late Liu Song Dynasty. He later retired to Gouqu Mountain, styling himself Huayang Yinju (Hermit of Huayang). Emperor Wu of Liang frequently consulted him. He died at the age of eighty-five and was posthumously titled Zhenbai Xiansheng (Venerable Master of Purity and Whiteness). (*Bencao Gangmu*)
Chu Cheng, courtesy name Yantong, was from Yangzhai, Henan, during the Southern Qi Dynasty. He was learned and skilled in medicine, holding the office of Shangshu (Minister). He authored one volume of *Yilun* (Medical Discourse), revealing the secrets of human physiological transformation. (*Yixue Rumen*)
*Chushi Yishu* (Remnant Books of Master Chu), one volume, is traditionally attributed to Chu Cheng of the Southern Qi Dynasty. It contains ten chapters and was first printed during the Jiatai era of the Southern Song Dynasty. The text claims it was discovered in stone inscriptions during the chaos of Huang Chao’s rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty (Qingtai era), suggesting it may be apocryphal. However, it profoundly elucidates the mysteries of Qi, Blood, Yin, and Yang. Its discussions on treating widows differently from monks and nuns address topics previously unexplored. Its advice on hematemesis (vomiting blood) and hematochezia (blood in stool), specifically warning against cold and cooling beverages, demonstrates particularly insightful understanding. It is considered the most logical among apocryphal texts. ○ *Zhoubing Yuanhou Lun* (Discussion on the Sources and Manifestations of Various Diseases), fifty volumes, was compiled under imperial edict by Chao Yuanfang and others during the Daye era of the Sui Dynasty. It comprises 67 categories and 1,720 treatises. The book discusses only disease etiologies and pathogenesis, without recording prescriptions or herbs. Wang Tao’s Tang Dynasty work *Waitai Miyao* (Secret Essentials of the Outer Cabinet) and the Song Dynasty *Shenghui Fang* (Holy Benefit Prescriptions) both adopted its discussions, placing them at the head of their respective categories, indicating that successive generations treasured it as a standard. (*Siku Quanshu Jianming Mulu*)
*Leigong Yaodui* (Pairings of Leigong), written by Xu Zhicai of the Northern Qi Dynasty. Li Shizhen stated: This book existed before Tao [Hongjing]. It was likely composed by Leigong during the time of the Yellow Emperor, and Xu Zhicai merely embellished it. Xu Zhicai was from Danyang, knowledgeable and skilled in medicine, serving as Zuopuye (Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs) in the Northern Qi until his death at eighty. His posthumous title was Yiguan Wenwu. (*Bencao Gangmu*)
Sun Simiao was from Huayuan, Jingzhao, during the Tang Dynasty. Known as a child prodigy, he declined summons from Emperor Wen of Sui. Emperor Taizong of Tang summoned him and appointed him Jianyidafu (Censor). He firmly declined and retreated to Mount Taibai, studying Daoism and cultivating Qi, while meticulously researching medicine. He authored *Qianjin Yaofang* (Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) in thirty volumes and *Maijing* (Pulse Classic) in one volume. (*Yixue Rumen*)
It is said that Sun Simiao had methods for "subduing dragons and taming tigers." I asked my father about this, and he replied: This is merely an allegory of that time. Perhaps today, when Liver Qi rebels horizontally, causing hypochondriac pain, vomiting, staring eyes, and spasmodic convulsions, is this not a ferocious rebellious dragon? And when Lung Qi fails to diffuse, causing rapid panting, phlegm obstruction, and absence of urination and defecation, is this not a rampant fierce tiger? In such situations, if a physician with wisdom and skill administers a single dose, and the illness vanishes, this is what Sun Simiao meant by subduing dragons and taming tigers. You scholars should reflect upon this saying and apply it analogically; thus, you will daily advance toward the Dao. ○ There was a Tang Dynasty figure named Wei Xundao, styled Cizang, who distributed medicine to help people and was revered as the Medicine King, a fact verifiable in medical history. Today, ignorant monks and Daoists sculpt images of the Medicine King adorned with floral garments, indistinguishable from Shennong. They exploit records stating the Medicine King’s birthday is April 28th to deceive people, leading the common folk to mistakenly call the Three Sovereigns the Medicine King, which is truly laughable! (*Wu Yi Huijiang*)
Chen Cangqi served as County Magistrate of Sanyuan, Jingzhao Prefecture, during the Kaiyuan era of the Tang Dynasty. He wrote *Bencao Shiyi* (Supplement to Materia Medica) in ten volumes.
○ Wang Bing, styled Qiyuanzi, served as Taifuling (Director of Imperial Carriages) during the Baoying era of the Tang Dynasty. He annotated *Suwen* (Basic Questions) and wrote *Yuanzhu Mi Yu*, discussing Five Movements and Six Qi. ○ Zhen Quan was from Fugou, Xuzhou, during the Tang Dynasty. He researched and collected prescriptions due to his mother’s illness, becoming a highly skilled physician. He served as Zhengzi (Corrector of Texts) in the Secretariat during the Sui Dynasty. During the Zhen Guan era, Emperor Taizong visited his residence. He lived to be over one hundred and three years old. He authored *Maijing* (Pulse Classic) and acupuncture diagrams such as *Mingtang*. (*Yixue Rumen*)
*Taiyiju Chengwen* (Official Medical Bureau Examination Essays), nine volumes, anonymous editors, consists of essays from medical examinations in the Southern Song Dynasty. The original was long lost; it has been recompiled from *Yongle Dadian*. It includes nine questions on ink definitions, six on pulse definitions, thirty-seven on general principles, eight on prescription analysis, eighteen on hypothetical cases, and nine on Five Movements and Six Qi, reflecting the six categories of examination topics at the time. (*Siku Quanshu Jianming Mulu*)
Qian Yi, courtesy name Zhongyang, was from Qiantang, Song Dynasty. Suffering from Zhoubi (generalized bi syndrome characterized by pain and numbness throughout the body), he closed his door to study books and history, demonstrating merits beyond just medicine. He mastered the profound secrets of Zhang Zhongjing and established formulas based on the Five Zang organs. Later, Zhang Yuansu, Liu Wansu, and Zhang Congzheng all took him as a model. People today only know him as a pediatrician. He authored *Shanghan Zhiwei Lun* (Discourse on Clarifying Cold Damage) in five volumes and *Yinger* (Infants) in one hundred chapters.
○ Xu Shumi, courtesy name Zhike, was from Baisha, Song Dynasty. He authored *Benshi Fang* (Authentic Prescriptions). He also wrote *Shanghan Bianyi* (Clarifying Doubts on Cold Damage).
○ Sun Zhao was the Ling (Director) of the Imperial Medical Bureau in the Song Dynasty, son of Sun He. Both father and son were renowned for their medical skills.
○ Pang Anshi, courtesy name Anchang, was from Qishui, Song Dynasty. He wrote tens of thousands of words annotating *Nanjing Bian* (Differentiation of the Classic of Difficult Issues) and authored *Bencao Buyi* (Supplement to Materia Medica).
○ Yang Jie, courtesy name Jilao, was from Sizhou. He gained fame for his medical skills nationwide and authored *Cuzhen Tu* (Illustrations of True Anatomy).
○ Zhu Gong, styled Wuqiu Zi, was from Wuxing, Song Dynasty. He was deeply proficient in Shanghan (Cold Damage) and authored *Huo Ren Shu* (Book That Revives People).
○ Chen Wenzhong, courtesy name Wenxiu, was from Suzhou, Song Dynasty. He was proficient in adult and pediatric medicine, especially excelling in treating childhood exanthems and smallpox. During the Chunyou era, he co-compiled *Youyou Xinshu* (New Book for Young Children) with Zheng Huiqing and authored *Xiao'er Bingyuan Fanglun* (Discussion on Etiology and Prescriptions for Pediatric Diseases) in one volume.
○ Rizihua (Daily Flower Master), a Mingzhou native during the Kaibao era of the Song Dynasty, authored *Zhujia Bencao* (Materia Medica of Various Schools).
○ Yang Shaying, courtesy name Dengfu, styled Renzhai, was a famous physician in Sanshan, Song Dynasty. He authored *Renzhai Zhizhi* (Direct Guidance from Renzhai).
(*Yixue Rumen*)
Some say Liu Wansu excelled in treating Fire pathogens; this statement does not fully understand Liu’s strengths. Liu was noble, clear, and quick-witted. His treatments often focused on eliminating stagnation and promoting renewal, preventing any slight depression in the body, embodying the creative principle of continuous regeneration. A physician who does not understand this lacks true skill. These words belong to Wang Haizang, a senior disciple of Li Dongyuan, whose high praise reveals Liu’s profound learning.
(*Yizhi Xuyu*)
*Bingji Qi Yi Baoming Ji* (Collection for Preserving Life Regarding Pathogenesis and Qi Suitability), three volumes, was written by Zhang Yuansu of the Jin Dynasty. The old attribution to Liu Wansu is incorrect. The book is divided into thirty-two categories, clarifying many aspects of pulses and syndromes. Li Lian’s *Yishi* (History of Medicine) states that Liu Wansu suffered from Shanghan (Cold Damage) and could not cure himself; he was healed only after receiving treatment from Zhang Yuansu. Thus, Zhang’s skills surpassed Liu’s.
(*Siku Quanshu Jianming Mulu*)
Zhang Yuansu, courtesy name Jiegu, from Yizhou, Jin Dynasty, failed the Jinshi examination and turned to medicine. He profoundly expounded the hidden secrets of Huangdi and Qibo, arguing that ancient formulas were incompatible with new diseases, thereby establishing his own school. He analyzed the flavors, Yin-Yang, density, ascending/descending, floating/sinking, and tonifying/draining properties of herbs, establishing these as secret principles for main indications and core methodologies, calling it *Zhenzhu Nang* (Pearl Purse). Later versions rhymed this text, calling it *Dongyuan Zhenzhu Nang*, which is erroneous. ○ *Leigong Paozhi Lun* (Discourse on Processing by Leigong) was written by Lei Xiao of the Liu Song Dynasty, not Leigong of the Yellow Emperor’s time. (Li Shizhen)
Zhang Congzheng was also a unique and outstanding physician. People did not investigate his intent, criticizing him for using only attacking methods. Even Zhu Danxi, known for his clarity, criticized him as biased, causing people to fear the sweating, vomiting, and purging methods like tigers, and ignoring his books. I feel this is unjust. When a person falls ill, it is like enemies invading a country; if one does not drive out the enemies but tries to appease them first, one only nurtures the enemies and disturbs the people. Zhang Congzheng understood this, so he prioritized attacking the disease, followed by nourishment after the disease was gone. This is the method of pacifying bandits and calming the people! Are Ephedra, Melon Stalk, and Da Chengqi Decoction not attacking agents? Using them according to urgency is the intent of Zhang Zhongjing. Moreover, Zhang named his book *Rumen Shiqin* (Confucian Matters for Serving Parents); would a Confucian serve parents by employing hegemonic tactics to harm them? I write this to vindicate Zhang Congzheng.
(*Yizhi Xuyu*)
Cheng Wuji, from Liaoshe, Jin Dynasty, came from a family of scholar-physicians. He annotated *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage) in ten volumes, *Mingli Lun* (Discourse on Clear Principles) in three volumes, and *Lun Fang* (Discussion on Prescriptions) in one volume. (*Yixue Rumen*)
*Yong Fa Xiang* (Imagery of Medication Use), one volume, was written by Li Guo of Zhending, Yuan Dynasty. Li Guo, courtesy name Mingzhi, styled Dongyuan, was versed in *Spring and Autumn Annals*, *Book of Documents*, and *I Ching*. Rich and charitable, he served as Salt Tax Official of Yuanji. Studying under Zhang Jiegu, he mastered his teachings and was called a Divine Physician. Building on Zhang Jiegu’s *Zhenzhu Nang*, he wrote this book, noting that people were confused between internal injury and external contraction, treating them indiscriminately. He differentiated their pulses, syndromes, Yuan Qi (Original Qi), Yin Fire, diet, fatigue, excess, and deficiency. He wrote *Bian Huo Lun* (Discourse on Resolving Doubts) in three volumes and *Piwei Lun* (Discourse on Spleen and Stomach) in three volumes, elaborating on *Suwen*, *Nanjing*, *Bencao*, *Maijue*, and miscellaneous disease prescriptions. He wrote *Yixue Faxing* (Inventions in Medicine) in nine volumes, *Lanshi Micang* (Secret Treasures of the Orchid Chamber) in five volumes, differentiating meridians and pulse methods, comparing Shanghan Six Meridian rules, and writing *Ci Shi Nan Zhi* (Difficulties in This Matter) in two volumes. Other works on carbuncles, eyes, etc., and *Shixiao Fang* (Trial-Efficacy Prescriptions) were collected by his disciples. ○ *Tangye Bencao* (Materia Medica of Decoctions), two volumes, was written by Wang Haogu, a medical professor from Zhao, Yuan Dynasty. Wang Haogu, courtesy name Jinzhi, styled Haizang, was a senior disciple of Li Dongyuan and a Confucian physician. He selected materials from *Bencao*, Zhang Zhongjing, Cheng Wuji, Zhang Jiegu, and Li Dongyuan, adding his own opinions, compiling this work. He also wrote *Tangye Dafa* (Great Methods of Decoctions) in four volumes, *Yilei Yuanrong* (Origin of Medical Barricades) in ten volumes, *Yin Zheng Lueli*, *Ban Lun Cuiying*, and *Qianshi Buyi*, each in one volume. (Li Shizhen)
Luo Tianyi, courtesy name Qianfu, was a senior disciple of Mr. Dongyuan. A native of Zhending, Yuan Dynasty, he authored *Weisheng Baojian* (Precious Mirror of Health Preservation) and *Yao Lei Xiang* (Imagery of Herb Categories).
○ Wu Shu, courtesy name Ruxin, styled Mengzhai, was from Renhe, Yuan Dynasty. He authored *Shanghan Zhizhang Tu* (Diagram of Grasping Cold Damage).
○ Wei Yilin, styled Dazhai, served as Professor of Local Medical School. He compiled *Defang* (Effective Prescriptions) in nineteen volumes. (*Yixue Rumen*)
*Bencao Yan Yi Bu Yi* (Supplement to the Derivation of Materia Medica) was written by Zhu Zhenheng at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Zhenheng, from Yiwu, courtesy name Yanxiu, studied Dao with Xu Baiyun and was known as Mr. Danxi. He studied medicine under Luo Taiwu, mastering the principles of Liu, Zhang, and Li, and expanding them, becoming the patriarch of medical schools. He authored *Gezhi Yulun* (Remaining Discourses on Investigating Things), *Jufang Faxing* (Unfolding of the Standard Formulary), *Shanghan Bianyi*, *Waike Jingyao Xinlun* (New Discussion on Essential External Treatments), and *Fengshui Wenda* (Q&A on Wind and Water). (Li Shizhen)
Zhao Liang, courtesy name Yide, styled Yunju, was from Pujiang, Yuan Dynasty. He studied medicine under Mr. Danxi and authored *Yixue Zongzhi* (General Principles of Medicine) and *Jingui Fang Yanyi* (Explication of Jingui Prescriptions). (*Yixue Rumen*)
*Waike Jingyi* (Essentials of External Medicine), two volumes, was written by Qi Dezhi of the Yuan Dynasty. His theory always seeks the root of ulcerative diseases, measuring Yin-Yang and weakness/strength to apply treatment. His main ideas align with the school of Dongyuan. Therefore, later editions attached it to *Dongyuan Shishu* (Ten Books of Dongyuan), or even cited it as Dongyuan’s *Waike Jingyi*, which is incorrect. (*Siku Quanshu Jianming Mulu*)
Ge Gansun, courtesy name Yijiu, was from Pingjiang, Wu. Possessing extraordinary strength, he mastered combat techniques and various arts. Growing up, he changed his ways to study, ranking highly in the Jinshi preliminary exams, but never took the final exam. He transmitted medical books and prescriptions, including *Yixue Qimeng* (Enlightenment on Medicine), *Jingluo Shier Lun* (Twelve Discussions on Meridians), and *Shiyao Shenshu* (Divine Book of Ten Herbs).
○ Lv Fu, courtesy name Ying, styled Lunzhou, was a descendant of Lv Donglai. Due to his mother’s illness, he attacked the arts of Qibo and Bian Que, taking Zheng Li as his teacher. His medical consultations were invariably miraculous.
○ Liu Chun, courtesy name Zongnong, was from Guanzhong. He博览群书 (read extensively), especially mastering medicine. He inherited Danxi’s profession, compiling *Shanghan Zhili*, *Yijing Guoxiao*, and *Yuji Wei Yi*.
○ Dai Yuanli, styled Fu’an, was from Pujiang, Ming Dynasty. He studied under Mr. Danxi. In the early Yongle era, he was summoned as Director of the Imperial Medical Academy. He authored *Zhengzhi Yaojue* (Essential Secrets of Diagnosis and Treatment).
○ Wang Lu, courtesy name Andao, was from Kunshan, Ming Dynasty. He studied medicine under Mr. Danxi and authored *Suhui Ji* (Collected Works of Returning Upstream) and *Baibing Gouyuan* (Hooking the Origin of Hundred Diseases). (*Yixue Rumen*)
Reading *Shiji*, when I reached the passages where the Grand Historian praised You Guang and Bo Yi, I could not help but close the book and sigh at the skills of Hua Borren, yet no one has highlighted him since. Borren was a remarkable scholar of our Ming Dynasty, his skills rivaling Danxi. Perhaps because Danxi was promoted by contemporary gentry and had disciples like Dai Yuanli and Liu Zongnong, his fame overshadowed Borren. He Yiyang once said: Looking at ancient sages, if Qibo is the Confucius of medicine, then Zhongjing is akin to Yan Hui and Zeng Shen; Hejian and Dongyuan belong to the ranks of Zai Wo and Zigong. If Borren’s principles are clear and his creations pure, he belongs with You Xia. Yanxiu [Danxi] is a step below. This argument is very accurate.
(*Yizhi Xuyu*)
Wang Lun, courtesy name Ruyan, styled Jiezhai, was from Cixi, Zhejiang. During the Hongzhi era, he rose to the position of Provincial Administration Commissioner of Guangdong. Due to his father’s illness, he became proficient in medicine and authored *Mingyi Zazhuo*, expounding on points Danxi had not covered.
○ Fang Guang, courtesy name Yue zhi, styled Gu’an, was from Xiuning, Jiading era. He authored *Danxi Xinfa Fuyu* (Supplement to Danxi’s Heart Methods), *Yaoxing Shu* (Book on Herb Properties), and *Shanghan Shu* (Book on Cold Damage). (*Yixue Rumen*)
*Xueshi Yi’an* (Case Records of Master Xue), seventy-eight volumes, was compiled by Xue Ji of the Ming Dynasty. It collects his life’s works into one compilation. Nine volumes are his own writings; fourteen are revised old texts with his comments. His main thesis posits that the Gate of Life (Mingmen) is the source of True Yin and True Yang, and Qi and Blood are transformations of Yin and Yang. He commonly used only a dozen formulas, varying them flexibly. Later, Zhao Xianke wrote *Yiguan* (Medical Canon), expounding on Xue Ji’s views but adhering too rigidly, becoming dogmatic, which was not Xue Ji’s original intent. (*Siku Quanshu Jianming Mulu*)
Tao Hua, courtesy name Shangwen, styled Jie’an, was a famous physician from Yuhang. He authored *Shanghan Suoyan* (Trivial Words on Cold Damage).
○ Xiong Zongli, styled Daoxuan, was from Jianyang, Ming Dynasty. He annotated *Nanjing* and *Maijue*, wrote *Yaoxing Fu Buyi* (Supplement to Ode on Herb Properties), and compiled *Furen Liangfang* (Good Prescriptions for Women).
○ Yu Bo, courtesy name Tianmin, styled Hengde Laoren, was from Huaxi, Zhengde era. He authored *Yixue Zhengchuan* (Orthodox Transmission of Medicine), *Yixue Quanyu* (Origins of Medicine), and *Yixue Jicheng* (Compilation of Medicine). (*Yixue Rumen*)
Li Shicai’s *Du Sidajia Lun* (Discourse on Reading the Four Masters) originated from Wang Jiezhai. The main idea is that Liu, Li, and Zhu supplemented Zhang Zhongjing’s omissions and stood alongside him. However, Zhang Zhongjing is the Sage of Medicine, possessing virtues corresponding to the four seasons. Observing *Jingui Yaolue*, Huangqin (Scutellaria) and Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) already foreshadowed Hejian; Jianzhong Tang (Middle-Joint Decoction) and Lizhong Tang (Regulate the Middle Decoction) foreshadowed Dongyuan; Fumai Tang (Revive Pulse Decoction) and Huanglian Ejiao Tang foreshadowed Danxi. Thus, saying they acquired one virtue of Zhongjing and expanded it is acceptable. Saying they supplemented Zhongjing’s omissions is inaccurate.
○ Li Shicai’s *Yizong Bidu* (Must-Read Book for Medical Students) is indeed popular. However, I have reservations: The books that must be read are those of Huangdi, Qibo, Yue Ren [Bian Que], and Zhongjing. Below these, *Maijing*, *Qianjin*, *Waitai*, and modern masters’ books, though not fully readable, should be partially read (60-70% or 30-40%). If one follows Changsha’s [Zhongjing’s] instruction to memorize widely and probe sources, this book becomes a limit for shallow physicians. I rename it *Bubi Du* (Not Must-Read).
○ I observe that wealthy families reject cold/cooling herbs but accept warm/tonic ones. Physicians who prefer warm tonics earned the name "Jingyue School." Little do they know Jingyue’s works contain both warm and cool approaches. His arguments cite ancients and add personal views; his prescriptions list ancient formulas and add new ones. Readers should take the whole book, discard flaws, and keep strengths. Tracing back to Hejian, Yishui, Jinhua schools, there is no contradiction. Tracing further to Nanyang [Zhongjing], there is no contradiction. Benefits from Jingyue extend far beyond Zuogui Wan and Yougui Wan!
(*Wu Yi Huijiang*)
Ni Weide, courtesy name Zhongxian, styled Chishan, was a famous physician in Sanwu, Ming Dynasty. He authored *Yishuo* (Medical Sayings) and *Yuanji Qiwei*.
○ Han Mao, styled Feixia Daoren, was from Luzhou, Sichuan, Ming Dynasty. A student during Hongzhi and Chenghua eras, he failed exams, left scholarship, and sought medicine in Emei Mountain. Yang Shenyang praised him as a true hermit transmitting the Dao. *Yitong* (Medical General) in two volumes is merely his dregs.
○ Wang Ji, courtesy name Shengzhi, styled Shishan. He authored *Chongji Maijue Kanwu* (Re-collecting Corrections to Pulse Classic) in two volumes, *Neijing Buzhu* (Supplementary Notes to Inner Canon), and *Bencao Huibian* (Compilation of Materia Medica). (*Yixue Rumen*)
*Xianxing Zhai Guangbiji* (Extended Notes from the First Awakening Studio), four volumes, was written by Miao Xiyong of the Ming Dynasty. Miao Xiyong, courtesy name Zhongchun, was from Changshu. Mentioned in *Ming Shi* Biography of Technicians (attached to Li Shizhen’s biography), during the Tianqi era, Wang Shaohui’s *Dianjiang Lu* assigned Donglin figures to *Water Margin* characters, calling Miao "Divine Physician Andaoquan" due to his medical expertise. Originally titled *Xianxing Zhai Biji*, Ding Yuanjian of Changxing compiled Miao’s prescriptions. Miao added more formulas, common herbs from *Bencao* (over 400 types), and treatments for Shanghan, Warm Disease, and Epidemics, hence "Extended Notes." Miao was contemporary with Zhang Jiebin. Jiebin adhered strictly to rules, while Miao was flexible; Jiebin favored warm tonics, while Miao used cold/cooling herbs. Like Yishui and Hejian schools, they had different paths but each had strengths. Zhu Guozhen’s *Yongchuang Duanju* records that in Tianqi Xin You year, Zhu suffered from Ge Bing (dysphagia/chest blockage), feeling split in two with severe mid-abdominal pain. Miao arrived and used five qian of Su Zi (Perilla Seed), stopping the pain immediately. This shows his skill.
(*Siku Quanshu Zongmu*)
*Shanglun Pian* (Discourse on Reverent Discussion), eight volumes, was written by Yu Chang of the Qing Dynasty. He revised Fang Youzhi’s *Shanghan Tiaobian*, sharing the same main ideas, thus facing criticism from Guo Qixiang’s annotations. However, the preface *Shanglun Dayi* explains that Fang removed Wang Shuhe’s prefaces to respect the classics. The Taiyang chapter revised Wang’s old views, showing superior insight. Many still misunderstood his intent, leading to this redefinition. The revision history is clear, and he did not hide his sources.
(*Siku Quanshu Jianming Mulu*)
*Shishi Milu* (Secret Records of Stone Chamber), six volumes, was written by Chen Shiduo of the Qing Dynasty. Chen, courtesy name Yuangong, was from Shanyin. The book claims transmission from Qibo, invention by Zhang Ji and Hua Tuo, and supplementation by Leigong. It divides into 128 methods with strange discussions. The listed formulas are rarely seen. He claims meeting Qibo et al. in the capital in Kangxi Ding Mao year, receiving their methods personally. It includes a preface by Qibo, self-titled "Great Emperor of Pure Heaven," and a preface by Zhang Ji, self-titled "True Person of Broad Storage." Alchemists often fabricate, but nothing is this absurd. It is poorly forged.
○ *Linzheng Zhinan* (Guide to Clinical Practice), medical cases in ten volumes, was written by Ye Gui of the Qing Dynasty. Ye Gui, courtesy name Tianshi, was from Wu County, famous for medicine in recent times. However, he left no personal writings. This book was compiled by disciples from his prescriptions and case records, categorized with commentary, likely not entirely his original intent.
(*Siku Quanshu Zongmu*)