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Bitter and sweet in taste, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats Wind-Cold-Damp Bi syndrome (a condition characterized by pain, numbness, and limited movement of limbs and joints caused by invasion of wind, cold, and damp pathogens), dead muscle tissue, spasmodic carbuncles, stops sweating, clears heat, aids digestion, and primarily treats dizziness and headache caused by severe wind pathogen affecting the head and face, tearing, resolves phlegm, drives out water qi from between the skin, treats wind-water edema (swelling caused by the interaction of wind pathogen and water qi), eliminates urgency and fullness below the heart (epigastric tightness and distension), and treats continuous vomiting and diarrhea due to Huoluan (acute gastroenteritis with sudden vomiting and diarrhea). It promotes blood circulation in the waist and umbilical region, replenishes body fluids, warms the stomach, digests grains, and increases appetite. It can be prepared as a decoction paste. Long-term consumption makes the body light, prolongs life, and prevents hunger. Also known as Shanji, Shanjing, or Shanlian. Grows in the valleys of Zheng Mountain, Hanzhong, and Nanzheng; roots are harvested in February, March, August, and September, and sun-dried.

Sweet in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats stroke with sudden heat, inability to move the body, tendon knots in muscles, various deficiencies, qi stagnation in the heart and abdomen, deficiency-heat and damp-toxin, lower back pain, cold sensation in the penis, eye pain with ulceration, and tearing. Long-term consumption removes facial black spots, improves complexion, adds luster, makes the body light, and delays aging. Also known as Ying, Dijie, Yuzhu, or Maxun. Grows in the valleys and hills of Mount Tai; harvested after the Beginning of Spring, and dried in shade.

Sweet in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. It primarily tonifies the middle and supplements qi, dispels wind-damp, and calms the five zang organs. Long-term consumption makes the body light, prolongs life, and prevents hunger. Also known as Chonglou, Tuzhu, Jige, Jiujiong, or Luzhu. Grows in valleys; roots are harvested in February and dried in shade.

Sweet and bitter in taste, cold in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats fractures, severed tendons and injuries, expels blood bi (blockage caused by impaired blood circulation), fills the bone marrow, and promotes muscle growth. Prepared as a decoction, it eliminates chills and fever, accumulations, and dispels bi syndromes. It primarily treats Wu Lao Qi Shang (five labors and seven injuries, referring to various chronic deficiency conditions) in men, Shang Zhong (injury to the Chong and Ren vessels) in women, uterine leakage (uterine bleeding), hematochezia, breaks down evil blood, hematuria, promotes urination and bowel movements, removes retained food in the stomach, restores lost strength, tonifies internal deficiencies of the five zang organs, unblocks blood vessels, supplements qi and strength, and benefits hearing and vision. Fresh use is particularly effective.

Greatly cold in nature. It primarily treats Beng Zhong (profuse non-menstrual vaginal bleeding) in women, uncontrollable bleeding, postpartum blood rushing to the heart causing chest stuffiness and fainting, fetal movement with bleeding due to injury, retained placenta; falls, fractures, blood stasis, lingering blood, epistaxis (nosebleed), and hematemesis (vomiting blood); all are crushed and taken orally. Long-term consumption makes the body light and delays aging. Also known as Disui, [missing character], or Ba. The best quality grows in the yellow soil of rivers and marshes in Xianyang; roots are harvested in February and August and dried in shade.