味辛，温，无毒。主风寒湿痹，咳逆上气，开心孔，补五脏，通九窍，明耳目，
声。主耳聋，痈疮，温肠胃，止小便利，四肢湿痹，不得屈伸，小儿温疟，身积热不解，可
作浴汤。久服轻身，聪耳明目，不忘，不迷惑，延年，益心智，高志不老。一名昌阳。生上
洛池泽及蜀郡严道。一寸九节者良，露根者不可用。五月十二月采根，阴干。
味苦，温，无毒。主咳逆伤中，补不足，除邪气，利九窍，益智慧，耳目聪明，不忘，
强志倍力，利丈夫，定心气，止惊悸，益精，去心下膈气，皮肤中热，面目黄。久服轻身不
老，好颜色，延年。叶∶名小草，主益精，补阴气，止虚损，梦泻。一名棘苑，一名 绕，
一名细草。生太山及冤句川谷，四月采根叶，阴干。
味甘咸，寒，无毒。主风寒湿痹，乳难，消水，养五脏，益气力，肥健，补虚损
，除五脏痞满，起阴气，止泻精，消渴，淋沥，逐膀胱三焦停水。久服耳目聪明，不饥，延
年，轻身，面生光，能行水上。扁鹊云∶多服病患眼。一名水泻，一名及泻，一名芒芋，一
名鹄泻。生汝南池泽，五月六月八月采根，阴干。
(Shichangpu) Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats Bi syndrome caused by wind-cold-dampness, cough with rebellious Qi ascending, opens the heart orifices, tonifies the five Zang organs, unblocks the nine orifices, clarifies the ears and eyes, and improves voice quality. It treats deafness, carbuncles and sores, warms the stomach and intestines, stops frequent urination, treats damp-Bi of the four limbs with inability to flex and extend, pediatric warm malaria with accumulated heat that does not resolve, and can be used as a medicinal bath decoction. Long-term use lightens the body, sharpens hearing and vision, prevents forgetfulness, avoids confusion, prolongs life, benefits mind and intelligence, and maintains high aspirations without aging. Also known as Changyang. Grows in pools and marshes of Shangluo and Yandao of Shujun. Those with one cun length and nine nodes are superior; those with exposed roots should not be used. Harvest roots in May and December, dry in shade.
(Yuanzhi) Bitter in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats cough with rebellious Qi damaging the middle Jiao, tonifies deficiency, eliminates pathogenic factors, unblocks the nine orifices, enhances wisdom, clarifies ears and eyes, prevents forgetfulness, strengthens willpower and increases strength, benefits men, stabilizes Heart Qi, stops palpitations due to fright, tonifies essence, removes Qi stagnation below the heart and diaphragm, clears heat in the skin, and treats yellowing of the face and eyes. Long-term use lightens the body and prevents aging, improves complexion, and prolongs life. Leaves: named Xiaocao, primarily tonifies essence, nourishes Yin Qi, stops deficiency damage, and treats nocturnal emission. Also known as Ji Yuan, Rao, and Xicao. Grows in valleys of Mount Tai and Yuanju Chuan. Harvest roots and leaves in April, dry in shade.
(Zexie) Sweet and salty in flavor, cold in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats Bi syndrome caused by wind-cold-dampness, difficult lactation, reduces edema, nourishes the five Zang organs, boosts Qi and strength, promotes robustness, tonifies deficiency, eliminates fullness and distension in the five Zang organs, raises Yin Qi, stops spermatorrhea, treats Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst), dysuria, and drives out stagnant water in the Bladder and San Jiao. Long-term use clarifies ears and eyes, prevents hunger, prolongs life, lightens the body, gives a radiant complexion, and is said to enable walking on water. Bian Que stated: excessive consumption causes eye disease in patients. Also known as Shuixie, Jixie, Mangyu, and Hexie. Grows in pools of Runan. Harvest roots in May, June, and August, dry in shade.
(Shechuangzi) Salty in flavor, non-toxic. It primarily treats severe wind disorders, lack of lactation, dystocia, and strengthens Yin Qi. Long-term use lightens the body. Harvest in May.
(Yinyanghuo) Sweet in flavor, non-toxic. It primarily treats wind-Bi, Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst), tonifies Kidney Qi, strengthens Yin, tonifies deficiency, and eliminates pathogenic dampness. Long-term use gives a radiant complexion but may cause infertility. Harvest in September.