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(1) The flavor is pungent and bitter, the nature is cold, and it is non-toxic. It primarily treats body heat, qi stagnation in the stomach, coldness and reversal of the four limbs, promotes urination, unifies the blood vessels, brightens the eyes, removes corneal opacity (翳眇), expels three types of intestinal parasites, kills gu poison (蛊毒), alleviates xiaoke syndrome (wasting-thirst syndrome), directs qi downward, and eliminates pathogenic factors from the hypochondrium and between the lungs. Long-term consumption prevents hunger. Also known as Fangshi, Tushi, or Zhishi. Its texture resembles that of purslane leaves; it is square-shaped, lustrous, and jade-colored. It grows in Zigu Valley and Linzi near Mount Tai. It can be harvested at any time.

(2) The flavor is pungent and salty, the nature is neutral, and it is non-toxic. It primarily treats gu poison, various poisons from snake bites, ingestion of toxic vegetables or meat, and malignant sores. It should not be taken for a long time, as it causes emaciation. Also known as Tuiqing or Tuishi. It grows in the river valleys of Yizhou.

(3) The flavor is pungent and sweet, the nature is neutral, and it is non-toxic. It primarily treats malignant sores caused by wind-heat, ulcers, carbuncles, scabs from sores, and skin diseases such as scabies. It clears heat from the chest and diaphragm. It treats difficulty in swallowing food, relieves irritability, and removes black spots on the face. Also known as Tieye, which can be used to dye hair black. It grows in Yangmu Pingze and certain cities, or Xicheng. It can be harvested at any time.

(4) It primarily firms the muscles and increases pain tolerance.

(5) The nature is slightly cold. It primarily treats lower-body disorders and rectal prolapse.

(6) The flavor is sweet, and it is non-toxic. It primarily treats metal wounds (Jinchuang), irritability and fullness with internal heat, qi obstruction in the chest and diaphragm, and indigestion. Also known as Tiaotie.

(7) The nature is neutral and slightly warm. It primarily brightens the eyes. It can dissolve copper. It treats palpitations and fright, stabilizes heart qi, pediatric wind-phlegm epilepsy, genital lesions, and rectal prolapse.

(8) The flavor is salty and sweet, the nature is neutral, and it is non-toxic. It primarily treats wind pathogens affecting the head and face, red and painful eyes, excessive eye discharge and tearing. It grows in Wuyuan, Yanzhou, mined from under salt pools. The large pieces are the size of a sheng vessel, all square, smooth, and clear. Also known as Shiyán.

(9) The flavor is salty, bitter, and pungent, the nature is neutral, and it is non-toxic. It primarily treats red eyes with tearing, skin opacities, and dark eye discharge.

(10) The flavor is salty and pungent, the nature is neutral, and it has slight toxicity. It primarily treats chronic dysentery, five types of hemorrhoids, metal wounds, and facial scars. It is used in facial creams.

(11) The flavor is sweet, the nature is warm, and it is non-toxic. It primarily treats cold pus and bloody dysentery in the large intestine. Long-term consumption makes the skin feel warm and improves appetite.

(12) The flavor is sweet, the nature is neutral, and it is non-toxic. It primarily treats old blood stasis and removes ocular opacities. For epistaxis, the powdered form is insufflated into the nose. It grows in the South Sea.

(13) The flavor is sweet, the nature is warm, and it is non-toxic. When soaked in wine and consumed, it primarily treats wind-cold in the waist and legs. Its efficacy is similar to Yinnie. Also known as Ruhua.