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Huangdi asked: When wind pathogen invades the human body, it may manifest as chills and fever (Hanre), or as heat in the middle jiao (Rezhong), or as cold in the middle jiao (Hanzhong), or develop into leprosy (Lifeng), or cause hemiplegia (Piangu), or be referred to as wind disease. These diseases vary in presentation and name; some penetrate deeply into the five zang organs and six fu organs. I do not understand the mechanism and wish to hear your explanation. Qibo replied: Wind pathogen lodges between the skin and muscles, unable to circulate inward nor diffuse outward. Wind is characterized by its mobility and rapid changes. When the interstices (Couli) are open, one feels chilly; when they are closed, one experiences fever and chest oppression. If it manifests as cold, appetite diminishes; if as heat, muscles emaciate. Thus, the person suffers from shivering and inability to eat, named Chills and Fever. If wind pathogen enters the stomach along the Yangming channel, ascending to the inner canthus, in a fat person, the wind cannot diffuse outward, leading to Heat in the Middle Jiao with yellow eyes; in a thin person, the wind diffuses outward easily causing cold, leading to Cold in the Middle Jiao with tearing. If wind pathogen enters together with the Taiyang channel, traveling through the Lung Shu points and dispersing between the muscle layers, it conflicts with Wei Qi (Defensive Qi). The pathway becomes obstructed, causing muscle swelling and sores. Since Wei Qi stagnates and fails to circulate, the flesh becomes insensible (Ren).

Leprosy (Lifeng) arises from heat accumulation in Ying Qi (Nutritive Qi) and Wei Qi, resulting in turbid qi, causing collapse of the nasal bridge, sallow complexion, and ulceration of the skin. When cold-wind lingers in the vessels without departing, it is called Lifeng, sometimes also referred to as Chills and Fever. Wind injury on Jia-Yi days in spring affects the Liver, called Liver Wind; on Bing-Ding days in summer, the Heart, called Heart Wind; on Wu-Ji days in late summer, the Spleen, called Spleen Wind; on Geng-Xin days in autumn, the Lung, called Lung Wind; on Ren-Gui days in winter, the Kidney, called Kidney Wind. Wind invading the Shu points of the zang-fu organs is also called Zang-Fu Wind; entering their respective gates, it causes Pi Feng (Partial Wind). Wind ascending via the Fengfu point becomes Brain Wind. Wind entering the eye system becomes Eye Wind, accompanied by cold eyes. Wind after drinking alcohol becomes Leaking Wind. Wind during sweating from sexual intercourse becomes Internal Wind. Wind after washing hair becomes Head Wind. Chronic wind penetrating inward becomes Intestinal Wind with undigested stool diarrhea. Wind lingering at the surface interstices becomes Leakage Wind. Therefore, wind is the chief of all diseases; its transformations lead to other illnesses without fixed patterns, yet all wind diseases originate from wind.

Huangdi said: Why do the manifestations of wind affecting the five zang organs differ? I wish to know the diagnostic signs and pathological mechanisms. Qibo said: Lung Wind presents with profuse sweating, aversion to wind, pale complexion, frequent coughing and shortness of breath, improving during the day and worsening at night; diagnosis is at the brow area, showing white color. Heart Wind presents with profuse sweating, aversion to wind, dry tongue, irritability, red complexion; severe cases involve slurred speech; diagnosis is at the mouth, showing red color. Liver Wind presents with profuse sweating, aversion to wind, sadness, slightly blue-green complexion, dry throat, irritability, occasional aversion to women; diagnosis is under the eyes, showing green color. Spleen Wind presents with profuse sweating, aversion to wind, lethargy, reluctance to move limbs, pale yellow complexion, poor appetite; diagnosis is on the nose, showing yellow color. Kidney Wind presents with profuse sweating, aversion to wind, facial edema, back pain preventing upright standing, black complexion, difficulty in urination; diagnosis is on the skin, showing black color. Stomach Wind presents with neck sweating, aversion to wind, dysphagia, chest fullness and obstruction, abdominal distension worsened by cold exposure or cold food intake; diagnosis shows emaciated body with distended abdomen. Head Wind presents with head and face sweating, aversion to wind; symptoms worsen one day before windy weather, with headache preventing going out or in; symptoms improve slightly on windy days. Leaking Wind presents with profuse sweating, inability to wear single clothes, sweating upon eating, severe cases with whole-body sweating, panting, aversion to wind, wet clothes, dry mouth with thirst, inability to perform labor. Leakage Wind presents with profuse sweating soaking clothes, dry mouth with thirst, inability to perform labor, generalized body pain and chills.

The "Wind Pathogen" in *Neijing* refers to exogenous diseases. It varies by interior/exterior, zang-fu, deficiency/excess, and cold/heat, distinguishing conditions like paralysis, flaccidity, apoplexy with loss of consciousness, sudden falling, facial deviation, contracture, vertigo, dysarthria, and aphasia. Later generations confused it with Flaccidity Syndrome (Weizheng).

*Jingui Yaolue* states: Wind disease typically presents as hemiplegia. With empty meridians, evil pathogens remain unexpelled, affecting either left or right sides. Where the pathogen resides, the muscles relax; where healthy Qi remains, tension increases. Healthy Qi pulls toward the pathogen, causing facial deviation and immobility. If the pathogen is in the Luo vessels, there is cutaneous insensibility; in the Jing channels, heaviness and weakness; entering Fu organs, loss of consciousness; entering Zang organs, difficulty speaking and salivation.

*Qianjin Yaofang* states: Qibo’s four major methods for treating stroke include: 1. Piangu (hemiplegia); 2. Fengfei (body painless, limbs unreceptive); 3. Fengyi (sudden unconsciousness); 4. Fengbi (various Bi syndromes resembling wind). Later treatments for stroke followed *Jingui Yaolue*, *Chushi Bingyuan*, and *Qianjin*. However, naming it solely as external wind invasion and conflating treatment with internal Zang-flaccidity syndromes is an ancient error.