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The *Chu Shi Yi Shu* (Remnant Books of Master Chu) states: "The consorts and concubines of the King Xiaowang of Jianping were all beautiful but childless. He selected unmarried girls from common families to serve in his harem, yet still had no offspring. The King asked, 'Is there a method to conceive a male child?' Cheng replied, 'When men and women unite, their ages must be appropriate. Although a man's essence may become clear at sixteen, he should not marry until thirty; although a woman's Tian Gui (menstruation) may arrive at fourteen, she should not marry until twenty. This ensures that both Yin and Yang are complete and solid before intercourse, leading to conception, successful gestation, and offspring who are robust, strong, and long-lived. Now, for girls who have not yet undergone the capping ceremony, their Tian Gui has just begun. If they approach men prematurely, their Yin Qi leaks early, damaging them before they are fully developed and moving them before their vitality is solid. Thus, intercourse leads to infertility, pregnancy fails to sustain, and if a child is born, it is frail and short-lived. This is why the King had no children. However, some women give birth only to daughters, while others give birth only to sons. If Your Majesty could seek out women who have borne many sons and bring them to the palace, you would find the way to have sons.' The King said, 'Excellent!' Within a year, six sons were born. The principle is that Old Yang meets Young Yin, and Old Yin meets Young Yang, which is also a way to have children."

The disease known as Jia (abdominal mass) is another name for Ji Ju (accumulations and masses). The *Nei Jing* (Inner Canon) only mentions Ji Ju, Shan, and Jia, but does not use the character 'Jia' as a standalone term; this was added by later generations. Generally speaking, 'Zheng' refers to something tangible, formed, hard, and immovable; 'Jia' refers to something illusory, formless, capable of gathering and dispersing. Formed masses may result from blood coagulation, called Xue Jia (Blood Jia); or from food stagnation, called Shi Jia (Food Jia). Formless masses reside in the Qi aspect; when Qi stagnates, they gather and become visible; when Qi moves, they disperse without a trace. This is the distinction between Zheng and Jia. Furthermore, there are those that are painful and those that are painless. Painful masses are connected to Qi and Blood, so healing occurs when Qi and Blood flow smoothly; thus, painful masses are easier to treat. Painless masses do not connect with Qi and Blood, forming separate sac-like structures where medicines and foods cannot reach easily; thus, painless masses are difficult to treat. This is another distinction in treatment. Others include: accumulation in the Lung called Xi Ben (Xi Fen); accumulation in the Heart called Fu Liang; accumulation in the Spleen called Pi Qi; accumulation in the Liver called Fei Qi; accumulation in the Kidney called Ben Tun. Later terms such as Pi Pi (partial accumulation) and Pi Kuai (lump) differ only in the location where they manifest, hence the different names. In summary, these are either in the Qi aspect or the Blood aspect. Understanding these two covers the meaning of Zheng and Jia completely. However, Blood disorders and Qi Jia each have deficiency and excess patterns, requiring careful assessment to determine whether to attack (purge) or tonify accurately. Relevant principles from various classics are detailed separately in the section on Accumulations and Masses and should be consulted.

The *Gu Kong Lun* (Treatise on Bone Emptiness) states: "Disease of the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel) manifests as seven types of Shan (hernias) internally in men, and Dai Xia (leukorrhea) and Jia Ju (masses) in women." Zhang Zihe said: "Enuresis, strangury, impotence, bladder bi (obstruction), seminal emission, and white discharge are all Shan diseases in men. If blood depletion causes amenorrhea, and after menstruation a lump appears in the lower abdomen, sometimes moving, with protrusion of the anterior yin and hemorrhoidal nodes at the posterior yin; these are all Shan diseases in women. However, they are not called Shan in women, but rather Jia."