Library

Huanglong Tang (Yellow Dragon Decoction): Tao Hongjing stated that by sealing an empty bottle tightly, placing it in a manure pit, and allowing the juice to accumulate over many years, one obtains a liquid that is very dark and bitter, named Huanglong Tang. Ri Huazi stated that in the twelfth lunar month, cut light green bamboo, remove the green skin, soak it, and collect the exuded fluid.

Baijiao (White Glue): Also known as Lujiaojiao (Deer Antler Glue).

Lingyangjiao (Antelope Horn): Tao Hongjing stated that for genuine antelope horn, when held near the ear, those that produce a faint buzzing sound are of superior quality.

Xijiao (Rhinoceros Horn): The annotations in *Bencao* state that all commercially available rhinoceros horn products have been subjected to steaming and boiling. There is also a type called "Zhi Xi" (inferior/fake rhino horn), which is not suitable for medicinal use. "Zhi Xi" has fine texture with distinct black and white patterns.

Hugu (Tiger Bone), Hugao (Tiger Fat), Hudan (Tiger Gallbladder), Huqing (Tiger Eye): Chen Cangqi stated that parts from tigers that died from poisoning should not be used, as they can harm humans.

Ligu (Fox Cat Bone), Lishi (Fox Cat Feces): The annotation in *Tang Bencao* states that domesticated fox cats are also acceptable; this is also known as Mao (Cat).

Zhenrou (Thunder-struck Meat): *Bencao* states that this refers to the meat of beasts killed by lightning.

Anawuqi (Otter Testicle/Genital): *Tujing* states that if placed next to a sleeping dog, and the dog suddenly jumps up in pain and agitation, it is authentic.

Xiongque Shi (Male Sparrow Droppings): Also known as Bai Dingxiang (White Incense).

Yanshi (Swallow Droppings): Chen Cangqi stated that one must be cautious not to ingest it, as it is toxic and harmful.

Fuyi (Bat): Also known as Bianfu (Bat). Also called Xianshu (Immortal Mouse).

Tianshu Shi (Heavenly Rat Droppings): Also known as Yeming Sha (Night-bright Sand).

Guijia (Turtle Shell): *Bencao* states that it should not be allowed to become damp. Ri Huazi stated that turtle shells drilled through for divination are called Baigui (Defective Turtle).

Sangpiaoxiao (Mantis Egg Case): *Bencao* states that it is the egg case of the mantis. When used, it should be fire-roasted; otherwise, it causes diarrhea. Those found on mulberry trees are preferred.

Haige (Sea Clam): Also known as Kui Ge. It is small like sesame seeds, moist, lustrous, and clean. There is another variety of Kui Ge, shaped like a spindle (pronounced 'kuang'), smaller, narrow, and long, with horizontal and vertical textures on the outside, which differs from this Haige (common Kui Ge).

Wuzeiyu Gu (Cuttlefish Bone): Also known as Haipiaoxiao (Sea Mantis Egg).

Baijiangcan (White Silkworm): *Bencao* states that straight ones are better. They become toxic if affected by summerheat.

Shilongzi (Stone Dragon/Lizard): Also known as Xiyi (Lizard). Also known as Xiehu (Scorpion Tiger). Also known as Shouguan. Also known as Bigongzi.

Xama (Toad): Also known as Chan Chu (Toad). Sometimes referred to as Chan. Larger ones are called Tianfu.

Baijing Qiuyin (White-necked Earthworm): Also known as Dilong (Earth Dragon).

Ranshe Dan (Python Gallbladder): *Bencao* annotations state that taking a amount the size of millet and placing it in water, if it floats and moves, it is genuine; if too much is added, it sinks and disperses.

Shetui (Snake Slough): *Yaoxing Lun* states that those white as silver are of good quality.

[Tu Feng] (Earth Bee/Wasp): Also known as Tu Feng. (Note: The specific name preceding "also known as Tu Feng" is missing in the source text, so no specific herb entity is extracted here based on strict appearance rules, or it refers to a generic wasp category).

Wugong (Centipede): *Bencao* states that those with red heads and legs are good. Ri Huazi stated that for medicinal use, it should be roasted.

Shuizhi (Leech): Chen Cangqi stated that although this creature may be roasted, it remains alive when it contacts water. Ri Huazi stated that processing must be finely chopped, then stir-fried over low heat until yellow to be considered cooked; otherwise, if ingested, it will breed offspring and cause harm.

Banmao (Blister Beetle): Ri Huazi stated that for medicinal use, remove the legs, wings, and feathers, and stir-fry thoroughly. Raw use causes vomiting and diarrhea. Other processing methods are seen in the Yuanqing entry.

Didan (Ground Beetle): Also known as [Missing Character] Qing. Also known as Qing [Missing Character]. Processing methods are seen in the Yuanqing entry.

Yuanqing (Blister Beetle): *Tujing* states that whenever using Banmao, Yuanqing, or Didan, they should be stir-fried together with glutinous rice. When the rice turns yellow-black, it is cooked; remove immediately, discard heads, legs, wings, and feathers, wrap in loose hair, hang under the eastern eaves of the house for one night, then use; this removes toxicity.

Beizi (Shell Coin): Also known as Beichi.

Queweng (Sparrow's Urn): Also known as Jigangzi. Also known as Tianjiangzi. Sometimes called Que'er Fanweng.

Baihua She (White-spotted Snake): *Tujing* states that the head and tail within one chi contain severe poison and are particularly potent; they may be omitted.

Qianglang (Dung Beetle): *Bencao* states that it should be roasted before use. Do not place it in water, as it induces vomiting.

Xie (Scorpion): *Bencao* states that tight and small ones, named [Missing Character], are good.

Lougu (Mole Cricket): Tao Hongjing stated that the front half of the body is very astringent, while the rear half is very penetrating/moving.

Linqi Jia (Pangolin Scale): Also known as Chuanshanjia (Pangolin Scale).

Shufu (Woodlouse): Also known as Shishengchong. Tao Hongjing stated that mice carry them on their backs in the Kan position, hence also known as Shufu.

Yiyu (Silverfish): Also known as Baiyu. Also known as Yizhong Baiyu. People now also call it Biyu.