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The *Qianjin Fang* (Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) states: There are three types of epilepsy in children, namely Fengxian (Wind Epilepsy), Jingxian (Fright Epilepsy), and Shixian (Food Stagnation Epilepsy). Fengxian arises because excessive clothing causes sweating, allowing Wind Pathogen (external wind evil) to enter; initially, the fingers may flex and extend as if counting. Jingxian originates from fright and terror followed by loud crying. Shixian begins with refusal to nurse, vomiting, subsequent fever, and then the onset of seizures. However, although Fengxian and Jingxian occur occasionally, they account for less than one or two out of ten children; any case presenting with initial chills followed by fever is classified as Shixian. For Jingxian, moxibustion should be performed according to diagrams. Fengxian should be treated with Zhuxin Tang (Pig Heart Decoction). Shixian requires purgation to resolve, and Zishuang Wan (Purple Frost Pill) is effective.

Commentary: This discussion on the three epilepsies categorizes them into three etiologies: Fengxian belongs to external causes, Jingxian to internal causes, and Shixian to neither-internal-nor-external causes.

Further Commentary: The *Quanying Fang* (Formulas for Infant Care) states: Fengxian results from improper nursing leading to disharmony of Qi and Blood, or heavy clothing causing sweating and opening of Couli (pores/skin texture), allowing Wind Pathogen to invade. The pathology lies in the Liver, which governs Wind. Clinical signs include cyanosis of the eyes, redness of the face, and convulsions. Suitable treatments include Qufeng Gao (Wind-Expelling Paste), Daqing Gao (Great Cyan Paste), Hupo San (Amber Powder), and Zhenjing Yao (Calming Fright Medicines). If heat is present, Sishun Yin (Four-Obedient Decoction) is used; after the heat subsides, Lijing Wan (Relieve Fright Pill) is administered to purge phlegm-saliva. Jingxian arises from excess and fullness of Qi and Blood, generating heat in the Zang-Fu organs, or from fright/terror/crying damaging the Spirit, compounded by external pathogens. The pathology lies in the Heart, which governs Fright. Clinical signs include sudden cries accompanied by convulsions. Suitable treatments include Hupo San, Honglong San (Red Dragon Powder), and Zhenxin Wan (Calming Heart Pill). If heat is present, Sishun Yin is used, followed by Lijing Wan for purgation, preventing other diseases. Shixian pathology lies in the Spleen, which receives food. Clinical signs include belching/vomiting air followed by convulsions. If stools are sour and foul-smelling, Ziwanzi (Purple Pills) can be used for purgation. These three syndromes are largely similar but slightly different, all belonging to Yang syndromes. Each presents with strabismus or upward deviation of the eyes, tidal convulsions of hands and feet, or pig-like sounds. Recovery occurs immediately after the seizure ends. The prognosis is generally good, with nine survivors for every one death.

The *San Yin Ji Yi Bing Zheng Fang Lun* (Treatise on the Causes and Manifestations of Diseases Due to Three Categories) states: Ancient formulas mention Wu Xian (Five Epilepsies), Wuzang Xian (Five-Zang Epilepsies), and Liuchou Xian (Six Livestock Epilepsies), with varying names and manifestations difficult to fully record. The *Bie Lu* (Separate Records) describes five epilepsies: 1. Ma Xian (Horse Epilepsy), characterized by horse neighing. Horse corresponds to Wu (noon), governed by Hand Shaoyin Junhuo (Ministerial Fire), so the pathology corresponds to the Heart. 2. Yang Xian (Sheep Epilepsy), characterized by bleating. Sheep corresponds to Wei, governed by Foot Taiyin Shitu (Damp Earth), corresponding to the Spleen. 3. Ji Xian (Chicken Epilepsy), characterized by crowing. Chicken corresponds to You, governed by Foot Yangming Zaojin (Dry Metal), corresponding to the Stomach. 4. Zhu Xian (Pig Epilepsy), characterized by grunting. Pig corresponds to Hai, governed by Hand Jueyin Xinbao (Pericardium), corresponding to the Right Kidney. 5. Niu Xian (Ox Epilepsy), characterized by bellowing. Ox corresponds to Chou, governed by Hand Taiyin Shitu (Damp Earth), corresponding to the Lung. These five epilepsies correspond to the five livestock and five Zang organs. During attacks, patients experience dizziness and inversion, pulling of the mouth and eyes, upward rolling of the eyeballs, convulsions of hands and feet, and rigidity of the spine. They recover after about the time it takes to eat a meal. Treatments are applied according to the affected organ. [Qian Yi] All treatments for the five epilepsies follow the treatment of the respective Zang organ, each associated with an animal: Quan Xian (Dog Epilepsy) presents with opisthotonos and upward movement, dog-like barking, corresponding to the Liver. Yang Xian presents with staring eyes and protruding tongue, sheep-like bleating, corresponding to the Heart. Niu Xian presents with fixed gaze and abdominal distension, ox-like bellowing, corresponding to the Spleen. Ji Xian presents with jumping, opisthotonos, and relaxed hands, chicken-like crowing, corresponding to the Lung. Zhu Xian presents as if dead with foaming at the mouth, pig-like grunting, corresponding to the Kidney. Severe cases of the five epilepsies result in death; those with severe post-attack symptoms also die. Mild cases are primarily treated with Wuse Wan (Five-Color Pill). [Xue Ji] Red face, staring eyes, protruding/biting tongue, irritability, shortness of breath, and sheep-like voice indicate Xin Xian (Heart Epilepsy). Blue face/lips, upward eye deviation, limb spasms/opisthotonos, and dog-like voice indicate Gan Xian (Liver Epilepsy). Black face, trembling eyes, salivation, corpse-like posture, and pig-like voice indicate Shen Xian (Kidney Epilepsy). Face like dry bone, white sclera visible, jumping/opisthotonos, head shaking, foaming, and chicken-like voice indicate Fei Xian (Lung Epilepsy). Sallow/withered yellow face, fixed gaze, abdominal distension, spontaneous diarrhea, flaccid limbs, and ox-like voice indicate Pi Xian (Spleen Epilepsy). The five epilepsies generally use Wuse Wan as the main formula, supplemented by herbs specific to each meridian. For Xin Xian due to Blood Deficiency, Yangxin Tang (Nourish Heart Decoction) is used. Fever with desire for cold drinks indicates Excess Heat, treated with Huqing Wan (Tiger Eye Pill); fever with desire for warm drinks indicates Deficiency Heat, treated with Miaoxiang San (Wonderful Fragrance Powder). For Gan Xian, Deficiency patterns use Dihuang Wan (Rehmannia Pill); strong convulsions indicate Excess Evil, treated with Chaihu Qinggan San (Bupleurum Clear Liver Powder); constipation is treated with Xieqing Wan (Drain Green Pill). For Shen Xian, Dihuang Wan or Ziheche Wan (Placenta Pill) are used; since the Kidney has no purgative method, treatment addresses deficiency directly. For Fei Xian, Qi Deficiency is treated with Bufei San (Tonify Lung Powder). Sallow complexion indicates Earth failing to generate Metal, treated with Wuwei Yigong San (Five-Ingredient Extraordinary Merit Powder). Red face indicates Minster Fire rushing up to the Lung, treated with Dihuang Wan. For Pi Xian, Wuwei Yigong San is used. If blue face, diarrhea, and poor appetite are present, Liu Junzi Tang (Six Gentlemen Decoction) is modified with Muxiang and Chaihu.

Commentary: The *Qianjin Fang* describes Liuchou Xian without assigning them to the Five Zang organs; Qian Yi introduced this classification but omitted Ma Xian. Zeng Shirong argued that initial sounds resembling sheep or dogs are due to wind-phlegm obstructing the throat, making the "six livestock" designation merely a forced name. Therefore, Zhu Danxi stated that since there is no scriptural basis and no distinct therapeutic methods for the five types, differentiation into five is unnecessary.