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The *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) states: Various types of Jing disease (spasm syndrome) presenting with neck stiffness and rigidity are all attributed to Dampness. When Heat from the Lung transfers to the Kidney, it transmits into Rou Jing (Soft Spasm). The *Jingui Yaolue* (Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet) states: In Taiyang disease, if there is fever without sweating and an aversion to cold, it is named Gang Jing (Hard Spasm). In Taiyang disease, if there is fever with sweating but no aversion to cold, it is named Rou Jing (Soft Spasm). In Taiyang disease, if there is fever with a deep and thin pulse, it is named Jing disease, which is difficult to treat. If Taiyang disease involves excessive sweating, it leads to Jing disease. If Wind disease is treated with purgation, it results in Jing disease; if sweating is induced again, limb cramping and urgency will inevitably occur. Patients with sores/ulcers who experience body pain should not undergo sweating therapy; if sweating occurs, it induces Jing disease. If a patient presents with body heat, cold feet, stiff and urgent neck, aversion to cold, occasional head heat, red face and eyes, only head shaking, sudden lockjaw, and opisthotonos (backward arching of the back), this is Jing disease. If sweating is induced in such cases, Cold and Dampness contend, the exterior becomes more deficient, and severe aversion to cold ensues. After inducing sweating, if the pulse resembles a snake moving, and sudden abdominal distension occurs, it indicates the condition is about to resolve; if the pulse remains unchanged and repeatedly appears wiry, it is Jing disease. The pulse of Jing disease, when pressed firmly, feels tight like a string, running straight up and down. The *Maijing* (Pulse Classic) states: Patients with Jing disease have a hidden pulse, running straight up and down. Patients with Jing disease who also have moxibustion sores are difficult to treat. In Taiyang disease, if symptoms are complete, the body is stiff and rigid (sound: shu), and the pulse is unexpectedly deep and slow, this is Jing disease, primarily treated with Gualou Guizhi Tang (Trichosanthes Twig and Cinnamon Twig Decoction). In Taiyang disease, if there is no sweating and urination is unexpectedly scanty, Qi rushes upward to the chest, lockjaw prevents speech, and Gang Jing is impending, Gegen Tang (Kudzu Root Decoction) is primarily used. Jing disease manifesting as chest fullness, lockjaw, inability to lie flat on the bed, leg cramps, and teeth grinding can be treated with Dachengqi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction). Synthesizing the above eleven clauses, Jing diseases belonging to the Exterior are suitable for Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) or Gegen Tang; those belonging to the Interior can use Chengqi Tang formulas. These are established for excess pathogenic factors. Regarding the first two clauses mentioning Gegen Tang and Guizhi Tang, their application is self-evident. For the third clause involving no sweating, Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Tang (Ephedra, Aconite, and Asarum Decoction) may be used; for sweating, Guizhi Fuzi Tang (Cinnamon Twig and Aconite Decoction) is appropriate. For the fourth clause, Zhenwu Tang (True Warrior Decoction) is used. For the fifth clause, Fuzi Tang (Aconite Decoction) is used. For the sixth clause, Shaoyao Gancao Fuzi Tang (Peony, Licorice, and Aconite Decoction) is used. For the seventh clause, before inducing sweating, Guizhi Jia Fuzi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction plus Aconite) is used; after inducing sweating, if the pulse resembles a snake, Gancao Fuzi Tang (Licorice and Aconite Decoction) is used. For the eighth clause, Ganjiang Fuzi Tang (Dried Ginger and Aconite Decoction) is used. The ninth clause generally discusses Jing pulses without specific symptoms, making prescription formulation impossible. The tenth clause explains that Jing disease should not undergo moxibustion, as moxa fire aids the pathogen's tyranny; all acrid and hot medicines are contraindicated, hence the difficulty in treatment. Only in cases of abdominal distension and constipation might a purgative method be considered. For deficiency patterns, Zhigancao Tang (Roasted Licorice Decoction) may be used. The statement in the *Maijing* regarding "Jing patients have a hidden pulse" is identical to the ninth clause, with no doubt in interpretation. Note: In the opening chapter of the *Jingui Yaolue*, the discussion of Jing disease is most detailed, while prescriptions are sparse, because the syndrome is critical and adverse, making hasty treatment difficult. Observing the discussion, only three formulas for Taiyang and Yangming excess pathogens are presented, omitting treatments for Three Yin deficiency patterns. This is because Jing pulses are wiry, vigorous, and hidden, and syndromes often involve opisthotonos and Jue Ni (reversal cold extremities), making aggressive dispersal difficult and warm dispersal easier. Without comprehending the entire text, how can one understand the intent of the Sages?

Chen Wuyue stated: Human sinews extend along meridians throughout the body. Internal deficiency of Blood and Qi, combined with external invasion by Wind, Cold, Dampness, and Heat, causes Jing. Wind disperses Qi, causing sweating without aversion to cold, termed Rou Jing. Cold congeals Blood, causing no sweating with aversion to cold, termed Gang Jing. Investigating the etiology, it mostly stems from loss of Blood, leaving sinews un-nourished, allowing pathogens to invade. Thus, excessive sweating and purgation in Shanghan (Cold Damage), as well as conditions in sore patients and postpartum women leading to this disease, are evident. Pulse diagnosis reveals deep, hidden, wiry, and tight pulses. If Yang is relaxed and Yin is urgent, chronic cramping occurs; if Yin is relaxed and Yang is urgent, opisthotonos and rigidity occur. These two syndromes differ and must be distinguished.

Zhang Jingyue stated: Jing disease is characterized by rigidity and opisthotonos. The pathology lies in the sinews and vessels; sinew cramping causes opisthotonos. The pathology lies in Blood; blood dryness causes sinew cramping. Observing Zhang Zhongjing's words: "Taiyang disease, excessive sweating leads to Jing; Wind disease purged leads to Jing; sore patients should not sweat, and if they do, Jing ensues." These few sentences reveal that Jing disease mostly arises from mismanagement complications, clarifying its deficiency and excess nature. Since Zhang Zhongjing, only Chen Wuyue understood the etiology, stating it mostly stems from blood loss and lack of sinew nourishment, thus forming Jing. This explanation was thorough. However, his statement that "internal deficiency of Qi and Blood, external invasion by Wind, Cold, Dampness, and Heat causes Jing" is erroneous. If true, it prioritizes Wind-Damp as pathogens over deficiency. It ignores that Wind disperses with sweat; why mention Wind after sweating? Dampness descends with purgation; why mention Dampness after purging? Misusing sweating injures Blood; misusing purgation injures True Yin. Injury to Yin and Blood leads to blood dryness; blood dryness deprives sinews of nourishment; deprived sinews cramp, inevitably leading to opisthotonos and rigidity, without waiting for Wind-Cold-Damp-Heat invasion. Moreover, Zhang Zhongjing referred to inappropriate sweating and purgation. Once these errors occur, Jing forms due to mismanagement. Does it require additional pathogen invasion after mismanagement to form Jing? Is there no Jing without pathogens? Chen's words not only miss Zhang Zhongjing's intent but confuse later generations, leading to indecision. Consequently, modern practitioners focus on dispersing Wind and removing Dampness, unaware whether blood-dryness and Yin-deficiency patterns can withstand such draining and reducing methods. This is an ancient ambiguity requiring clarification. I present Chen's argument for student verification. Jing syndromes are numerous but unrecognized due to ignorance of their cause. Generally, acute onset of opisthotonos, staring eyes (Dai Yan), lockjaw, and cramping constitute Jing disease. Zhang Zhongjing attributed them to mismanagement causing Yin loss. By analogy, I observe that many cases not caused by mismanagement, but by Yin deficiency and Blood scarcity failing to nourish sinews, resulting in convulsions, spasms, and collapse, belong to this category. For example, stroke patients with this presentation suffer from declining vitality and Yin failure; postpartum women suffer from excessive blood loss depleting Chong and Ren meridians; sore patients suffer from blood loss with pus depleting Ying Qi; children suffer from Wind-Heat injuring Yin (leading to acute convulsive wind) or sweating/purgation injuring Yin (leading to chronic convulsive wind). All these belong to Yin deficiency. If Essence and Blood are not depleted, even with pathogen interference, sinew cramping will not occur. The severity of rigidity indicates dryness. Therefore, treatment must prioritize replenishing Qi and Blood. For severe pathogens, treat pathogens concurrently; for mild pathogens, do not treat pathogens at all. The urgency lies in Yuan Qi (Original Qi); once Qi recovers and Blood vessels flow, minor pathogens cannot remain. Why worry? Yet modern practitioners categorize every case and treat solely from a Wind perspective. They fail to distinguish that exogenous Wind is an external pathogen requiring dispersal, while endogenous Wind is a blood-dryness pattern requiring tonification. Furthermore, these cases stem from internal disorders without external pathogens. Having formed through injury to Essence and Blood causing dryness, treating Wind-Phlegm again is harmful. I record this in detail to clarify the essence of Jing syndrome. Why did Zhang Zhongjing say Jing belongs only to Taiyang and not other meridians? Because Jing involves opisthotonos, located in the back. The back meridians are only Taiyang and Du Mai (Governing Vessel). Mentioning Taiyang includes Du Mai. This is the principle. However, Zhang Zhongjing only discussed the Exterior, not the Interior. Examining the *Neijing Meridian Chapter*: Foot-Shaoyin (Kidney) meridian penetrates the spine and belongs to the Kidney. Its straight branch ascends from the Kidney, passes through Liver and Diaphragm. The *Meridian Sinew Chapter* states: Foot-Shaoyin sinew runs inside the spine, up to the nape, knots at the occiput, combining with Foot-Taiyang sinew. It also states: Foot-Taiyang sinew disease causes spinal reversal and neck stiffness; Foot-Shaoyin sinew disease causes epilepsy, clonic spasms, and Jing; Yang disease causes spinal reversal unable to bend forward; Yin disease causes inability to bend backward. Thus, Jing disease is a disorder of Taiyang and Shaoyin meridians. Kidney and Bladder are interior-exterior pairs; Bladder is the fluid vessel, Kidney stores Essence. Disease in these two meridians indicates Water deficiency. Therefore, treatment most commonly focuses on nourishing True Yin.

Xue Lizhai stated: Jing disease distinguishes Gang and Rou by presence or absence of sweating, and Yin/Yang by presence or absence of Jue Ni. Although Zhang Zhongjing said Jing involves body heat and cold feet, Yang syndromes do not feature Jue Ni; those with Jue Ni are Yin syndromes. Gang Jing features no sweating, aversion to cold, neck/back stiffness, leg cramps, hand/foot tremors, lockjaw, open eyes facing up, severe opisthotonos, inability to lie flat, and wiry-long-vigorous pulse; treat with Gegen Tang. Rou Jing features spontaneous sweating, aversion to wind, flaccid limbs, closed eyes facing down, occasional tremors, and slow-soft-wiry-thin pulse; treat with Guizhi Tang plus Gualou. Blood deficiency causing Jing, with opisthotonos or only hand/foot tremors or left-side movement, treat with Shiquan Dabu Tang plus Gouteng (Uncaria) and Scorpion tail. Wind-Heat and Phlegm obstruction causing Jing with unconsciousness or hand/foot tremors or right-side movement, treat with Qufeng Daotan Tang (Dispel Wind and Guide Out Phlegm Decoction). Jing disease with chest fullness, lockjaw, leg cramps, inability to lie flat, and hard stool, can use Dachengqi Tang. If unilateral pulling/tremors and one eye deviated, it belongs to Shaoyang; after sweating without resolution, alternating calmness and confusion, fixed gaze, lockjaw, alternating chills and fever, treat with Xiaochaihu Tang plus Guizhi and Baishao. Foot Three-Yin Jing diseases all present with cold extremities, sinew cramping, continuous sweating, neck stiffness, and deep pulse. Jueyin Jing involves head shaking and lockjaw; treat with Fuzi Tang plus Danggui and Rougui. Taiyin Jing involves flaccid limbs; treat with Shu Fuzi Tang plus Gancao and Shengjiang. Shaoyin Jing involves closed eyes facing down; treat with Shen Fuzi Tang plus Gancao and Ganjiang. Ancient method uses Fuzi San (Aconite Powder) to treat all Three-Yin Jing. For excessive sweating, remove Chuanxiong and Duhuo, add Huangqi and Danggui. Thief-Wind causing lockjaw and opisthotonos, use Cang Gong Danggui Tang. Postpartum Jing is detailed in the Women's Section.

[Diagnosis] Taiyang disease with fever and deep-thin pulse is named Jing, difficult to treat. Jing pulse is hidden, tight like a string when pressed, running straight up and down. After inducing sweating in Jing disease, if the pulse resembles a snake and sudden abdominal distension occurs, it indicates resolution; if the pulse remains unchanged and becomes hidden-wiry, it is Jing.