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Bitter in flavor, cold in nature; the root is greatly cold; the fruit is slightly cold, non-toxic. It primarily treats evil qi in the five zang organs, heat accumulation in the middle jiao (internal heat), xiaoke (wasting-thirst syndrome resembling diabetes), generalized bi-syndrome (generalized rheumatic arthralgia), wind-dampness, descends qi in the chest and hypochondrium, treats external labor (deficiency-labor) and dyspnea, strengthens sinews and bones, tonifies yin essence, and promotes urination and defecation. Long-term consumption strengthens sinews and bones, lightens the body, delays aging, and enhances resistance to cold and heat. Also known as Qigen (Cortex Lycii Radicis), Digujie (Radix Lycii Chinensis), Gouji, Difuzi, Yangru, Qieshu, Xianrenzhang, Xiwangmuzhang. It grows in Changshan flat marshes and on hillsides and banks elsewhere. The root is harvested in winter, leaves in spring and summer, stems and fruits in autumn, and dried in shade.

Currently produced in Tangyi, with the largest quantities found below the beacon tower at Shitou City. Its leaves can be made into soup, with a slightly bitter taste. The folk saying goes: "Traveling a thousand miles from home, do not eat Luomo or Gouqi." (Implying homesickness). The root and fruit of Gouqi are used by fushi practitioners (cultivators seeking immortality), and their descriptions are very beautiful; the term "Staff of the Immortal" surely has profound meaning.

Sweet in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily repels evil, kills ghostly essences (superstitious pathogenic entities), treats wen-nue (warm malaria), gu-du (parasitic or toxic diseases), epilepsy, removes three worms (intestinal parasites), dispels evil qi, prevents excessive dreaming and night terrors, opens the mind and spirit, and long-term consumption lightens the body and prolongs life.

It grows in the valleys of Zhongtai.

Folk legend claims it is lion feces, but foreigners say otherwise. It now comes from the Western Regions; genuine specimens are hard to distinguish and are no longer used in medicine, serving only for making mixed incense (He-xiang).

[Verification] This incense comes from the Western Regions and Kunlun Mountains, appearing purple-red, similar to Zizhentam (Pterocarpi Santalinus Lignum), solid and extremely fragrant, heavy as stone. Those that turn white ash when burned are good. Claiming it is lion feces is a lie by Hu people; Tao Hongjing failed to realize this and remained skeptical.

Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats heat and rebellious qi associated with mass formations in the chest, promotes digestion of water and grain, directs qi downward, stops vomiting and coughing, clears residual heat from the bladder, eliminates retained fluid, treats wu-lin (five types of strangury), promotes urination, addresses the spleen's inability to digest food, rebellious qi rushing to the chest causing vomiting, huoluan (cholera-like disorder), stops diarrhea, and removes cunbai (tapeworms). Long-term consumption removes bad breath, directs qi downward and opens the spirit, lightens the body, and prolongs life. Also known as Jupi (Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae). It grows in the valleys of Nanshan and Jiangnan, harvested in October.

This section describes the efficacy of the peel. Peels from Eastern oranges are considered best; those from the West River exist but are inferior. The peel is slightly cold in nature; its efficacy in treating qi stagnation is said to surpass that of Eastern oranges, and northerners also use it. Aged peels are preferred. The flesh is sweet and sour; consuming too much generates phlegm and may not be beneficial. Although the peel is used here, since it belongs to the fruit category, it should still be grouped together. Pomelo peel is edible but no longer used in medicine; it should also have the effect of directing qi downward.

[Verification] Pomelo peel is thick and sweet, unlike the pungent and bitter orange peel. Its flesh is like that of the orange, both sweet and sour; the sour variety is called Hugan.

Currently, laypeople sometimes confuse cheng (sweet orange) with you (pomelo), which is incorrect.

According to the *Lüshi Chunqiu*: "Among the finest fruits are the pomelos of Yunmeng." Guo Pu stated: "The pomelo resembles the sweet orange but is larger than the mandarin orange." Kong Anguo said: "The small one is the mandarin orange, the large one..."