窃思经言。见其色。知其病。命曰明。非特明其色。且明其病也。亦非特明其色。明其病。且明其病之应乎色。
色之主乎病也。何以言之。肝色青。心色赤。脾色黄。肺色白。肾色黑。肝病者。两胁下痛引少腹。令人善怒。虚
则目KT KT 无所见。耳无所闻。善恐。如人将捕之。气逆则头痛。耳聋不聪。颊肿。心病者。胸中痛。胁支满。胁
下痛。膺背肩胛间痛。两臂内痛。虚则胸腹大胁下与腰相引而痛。脾病者。身重。善肌肉痿。行善 。脚下痛。虚
则腹满。肠鸣飧泄。食不化。肺病者。喘咳逆气。肩背痛。汗出。尻阴股膝髀 足皆痛。虚则少气不能报息。
耳聋。嗌干。肾病者。腹大。胫肿。喘咳。身重。寝汗出。憎风。虚则胸中痛。大腹小腹痛。清厥。意不乐。此五脏之
病证。五色之所主也。肝合胆。心合小肠。脾合胃。肺合大肠。肾合三焦膀胱。胆病者。寒热。善太息。口苦。呕宿汁。
心下澹澹。恐人将捕之。小肠病者。小腹痛。腰脊控睾而痛。时窘之后。当耳前热。若寒甚。若独肩上热甚。及
手小指次指之间热。胃病者。腹 胀。胃脘当心而痛。上肢两胁膈咽不通。食饮不下。大肠病者。肠中切痛。
而鸣濯濯。冬日重感于寒。即泄。当脐而痛。不能久立。三焦病者。腹气满。小腹尤坚。不得小便窘急。溢则水
留即为胀。膀胱病者。小腹偏肿而痛。以手按之。即欲小便而不得。肩上热。若脉陷及足小指外廉。及胫踝
后皆热。此六腑之病证。五脏之所合也。析而言之。脏主里。腑主表。色之沉者病在里。色之浮者病在表。是
脏腑表里之分也。脏为阴。腑为阳。色之浊者病在阴。色之清者病在阳。是脏腑阴阳之分也。脏有虚实。腑
有虚实。色之浅淡者为虚。色之深浓者为实。是脏腑虚实之分也。如是而知脏腑之为病。气色之所主。亦
可见其色知其病矣。然而有时相应。有时不相应。何也。盖脏腑有盛衰。气色有生克。太过则薄所胜而乘
所不胜。其不及则所胜妄行。而所生受病。所不胜薄之也。灵枢曰。肾乘心。心先病。肾为应。色皆如是。是则
一隅三反。亦可推测而知。此皆主病之提纲也。（善肌肉痿。千金肌作饥。甲乙作苦饥肌肉痿。）
I ponder the statements in the classics: "Observe the complexion, know the disease; this is called enlightenment." This does not merely mean enlightening oneself about the complexion, but also about the disease. Nor does it merely mean enlightening oneself about the complexion and the disease, but also about the correspondence between the disease and the complexion.
Why can the complexion primarily indicate the disease? Let us explain. The color corresponding to the Liver (Gan) is Green (Qing); the Heart (Xin), Red (Chi); the Spleen (Pi), Yellow (Huang); the Lung (Fei), White (Bai); and the Kidney (Shen), Black (Hei). In cases of Liver disease, there is pain under both hypochondria radiating to the lower abdomen, causing irritability. In deficiency patterns, vision becomes blurred, hearing diminishes, fearfulness prevails, and one feels as if being pursued by someone. If Qi rebels upward, headache, deafness with poor auditory acuity, and cheek swelling occur. In cases of Heart disease, there is pain in the chest center, fullness and distension in the hypochondria, pain below the hypochondria, pain in the chest, back, and interscapular region, and pain in the inner aspect of both arms. In deficiency patterns, the chest and abdomen become large, and there is pulling pain connecting the hypochondria and the waist. In cases of Spleen disease, the body feels heavy, muscle atrophy and weakness are prone to occur, walking causes soreness in the calves and pain in the soles of the feet. In deficiency patterns, abdominal fullness, borborygmus, undigested stool diarrhea, and failure to digest food occur. In cases of Lung disease, panting, coughing, rebellious Qi, shoulder and back pain, sweating, and pain in the sacrum, yin region, thighs, knees, thighs (femoral region), and feet occur. In deficiency patterns, shortness of breath, inability to complete inhalation, deafness, and dry throat occur. In cases of Kidney disease, abdominal enlargement, swelling of the shins, panting and coughing, heaviness of the body, nocturnal sweating, and aversion to wind occur. In deficiency patterns, pain in the chest center, pain in the greater and lesser abdomen, cold extremities with a chilling sensation, and lack of joy occur. These are the syndromes of the Five Zang Organs, which correspond to the five colors.
The Liver corresponds to the Gallbladder (Dan); the Heart to the Small Intestine (Xiaochang); the Spleen to the Stomach (Wei); the Lung to the Large Intestine (Dachang); and the Kidney to the Sanjiao (Triple Burner) and Bladder (Pangguang). In cases of Gallbladder disease, there are alternating chills and fever, frequent sighing, bitter taste in the mouth, vomiting of old bile fluid, palpitations in the epigastrium, and fearfulness as if being pursued. In cases of Small Intestine disease, there is pain in the lower abdomen, pain radiating from the lumbar spine to the testicles, and frequent urgency for defecation. Heat may be felt in front of the ears, or severe cold, or excessive heat specifically on the upper shoulder, and heat between the little finger and the fourth finger of the hand. In cases of Stomach disease, abdominal distension occurs, pain is felt in the epigastrium directly over the heart, obstruction extends upward through the hypochondria, diaphragm, and pharynx, preventing the intake of food and drink. In cases of Large Intestine disease, cutting pain in the intestines and gurgling sounds occur; if exposed to cold again in winter, diarrhea ensues, with pain around the umbilicus, making it impossible to stand for long periods. In cases of Sanjiao disease, abdominal Qi fullness occurs, with the lower abdomen particularly hard, difficulty urinating with urgency, and if water overflows and stagnates, distension results. In cases of Bladder disease, unilateral swelling and pain in the lower abdomen occur; pressing with the hand creates the urge to urinate but fails to do so. Heat may be felt on the upper shoulder, or the pulse may appear sunken, and heat may be present on the lateral aspect of the little toe, as well as behind the shin and ankle. These are the syndromes of the Six Fu Organs, which correspond to the Five Zang Organs.
Analyzing further: Zang organs govern the interior, while Fu organs govern the exterior. A deep complexion indicates disease in the interior; a floating complexion indicates disease in the exterior. This distinguishes the interior-exterior relationship of Zang and Fu. Zang organs belong to Yin, and Fu organs belong to Yang. A turbid complexion indicates disease in Yin; a clear complexion indicates disease in Yang. This distinguishes the Yin-Yang nature of Zang and Fu. Zang organs have deficiency and excess patterns, as do Fu organs. A pale complexion indicates deficiency; a dark and intense complexion indicates excess. This distinguishes the deficiency-excess nature of Zang and Fu. By understanding this, one knows the diseases of the Zang and Fu organs and what the complexions indicate, thereby enabling one to know the disease by observing the complexion.
However, sometimes the complexion corresponds to the disease, and sometimes it does not. Why? Because Zang and Fu organs have states of excess and decline, and complexions follow the principles of generation and restriction. In excess conditions, the organ attacks what it normally controls and overwhelms what controls it. In deficiency conditions, what it normally controls acts recklessly, what it generates suffers disease, and what controls it attacks it. The *Ling Shu* states: "When Kidney Qi attacks Heart Qi, the Heart falls ill first, and the Kidney's complexion serves as the sign." Complexions follow this pattern. Thus, by inferring from one instance to three, one can speculate and know. These are all outlines of primary disease indicators. (Regarding "prone to muscle atrophy," the *Qian Jin Fang* reads "hunger" instead of "muscle," and the *Jia Yi Jing* reads "bitter hunger and muscle atrophy.")