（本经中品）
【气味】苦寒，无毒。
【主治】主大风在皮肤中，如麻豆苦痒，除寒热结，止痢，长肌肉，利五脏，益气，轻
身。
【核】曰∶橘逾淮而枳，故江北有枳无橘，江南虽有枳，不及江北者，气全而力浓也。
树如橘而小，叶如橙而刺。春作白花，至秋成实。九、十月采者，曰枳壳。修事用小麦麸拌
炒
【 】曰∶枳以气胜，为剂之宣剂，而枳从只，只起语辞，亦语已辞，宣扬且宣摄矣。
但枳实瓤核未判，性勇而速，枳壳瓤核已分，性详而疏，咸从居中之胃署，横遍身半已内已
外之形层者也。故主大风在身半已外之皮肤，如麻豆苦痒，及寒热结在身半已内之腹肠，而
滞下成利。若主南北之画界分经，以殊方域也。长肌肉轻身者，即宣扬谷味以充形脏。利五
脏益气者，即宣摄谷精以安神藏，顾谷之精与味，莫不起于胃，而已于胃，旨哉只乎。
（只具扬摄，方界南北，实性勇，壳性疏，中央分形层部署。扬摄别谷味谷精，经隧定
起胃
（本经中品）
【气味】苦平，有小毒。
【主治】主惊痫，寒热，热盛狂痉，除邪逐鬼。
【核】曰∶出陇西及晋地，今莱、密、淄、青、 、戎诸州皆有。凡牛生黄，夜或有
光，眼如血色，时复鸣吼，恐惧人，以盆水置牛前，伺其吐出，乃喝迫之，即堕水中取得者。
阴干百日，无令见日月光，一子如鸡子黄大，重叠可折，若百千层，轻虚气香，色光明者佳。
揩摩手黄，透甲者真。雷 云∶黄有四种，一喝迫而得者，曰生神黄；一杀死，从牛角得者，
曰角中黄；一牛病死后，从心中剥得者曰心黄，初在心中，如黄酱汁，取得便投水中，沾水
乃硬，如碎蒺藜，及豆瓣，与帝珠子者是也；一从肝胆中得者，曰肝黄、胆黄，皆不及生黄
为贵。KT 牛黄，坚而不香；又骆驼黄极易得，亦能相乱，不可不审也。修治，单捣细研
如尘，绢裹定，更以黄牛嫩皮，裹悬井中一宿，去水三四尺，明早取用。人参为之使。得牡
丹、菖蒲，利耳目。恶龙骨、龙胆、地黄、尝山、蜚蠊黄嫩牛皮、牛膝、干漆。
缪仲淳先生云∶牛为土畜，得气血之精明，凝结为黄，犹人身之有内丹也。故牛生黄，
则其
先人云∶坤为牛，黄为土，则黄是牛之本命元辰矣。其入肝胆，似云之从龙，风之从虎，
不
【 】曰∶牛土畜，在卦为坤，其色正黄。其理层叠，所谓黄中通理，浓德载物者也。
故能敦土德用，资生草木。盖木必基土，以土为命，如惊痫寒热，狂痉邪鬼，虽从脾土转属，
久则肝木体虚，反欲传克脾土矣。盖五行之理，失制则亢，亢则为害，害所胜耳，法当益土
辅火。黄可入脾，苦可入心，心为肝子，子能助母实也。与金匮要略之治肝虚传脾，先补肝
木，次及心脾之义相合。先因于肝，故先补肝，此则唯从脾土转属，故只益脾土，次及心火
，非从肝始，勿治肝耳。
（金匮要略云∶上工治未病。夫治未病者，见肝之病，知肝传脾；当先实脾；四季脾王
不受邪，即勿补之。中工不晓相传，见肝之病，不解实脾，唯治肝也。夫肝之病，补用酸，
助用焦苦，益用甘味之药调之。酸入肝，焦苦入心，甘入脾；脾能伤肾，肾气微弱，则水不
行。水不行，则心火气盛则伤肺；肺被伤，则金气不行；金气不行，则肝气盛，则肝自愈，
此治肝补脾之要妙也。肝虚则用此法，实则不在用之。详录以备 考。）
(Ben Jing Middle Grade)
[Flavor and Property] Bitter, cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats severe wind pathogens in the skin, presenting as itchy lesions resembling hemp seeds or beans; eliminates cold-heat complex; stops dysentery; promotes muscle growth; benefits the five Zang organs; tonifies Qi; lightens the body.
[Analysis] It is said: When oranges cross the Huai River, they become trifoliate orange (Zhi), hence there are trifoliate oranges but no oranges in the north of the river. Although there are trifoliate oranges in the south, they are inferior to those in the north because their Qi is complete and potency is strong.
The tree resembles an orange tree but is smaller, with leaves like orange leaves and thorns. It bears white flowers in spring and fruits in autumn. Those harvested in the ninth and tenth months are called Zhike (Trifoliate Orange Fruit). For processing, stir-fry with wheat bran.
[Commentary] It is said: Zhishi (Immature Trifoliate Orange Fruit) excels in its Qi-moving action and serves as a dispersing agent in prescriptions. The character "Zhi" (枳) contains "Zhi" (只), which is an interjection or sentence-final particle, implying both dissemination and consolidation.
However, when the pulp and core of Zhishi are not separated, its nature is brave and rapid. When the pulp and core of Zhike are separated, its nature is detailed and diffusing. Both act on the central Stomach organ, spreading horizontally throughout the body layers inside and outside the midline. Thus, it treats severe wind pathogens in the skin outside the midline, such as itchy lesions like hemp seeds or beans, and cold-heat complexes in the intestines inside the midline, leading to dysentery. This is akin to drawing a boundary between North and South to distinguish meridians and regions. Promoting muscle growth and lightening the body refers to disseminating grain flavors to fill the form organs. Benefiting the five Zang organs and tonifying Qi refers to consolidating grain essences to calm the spirit organs. Indeed, the essence and flavor of grains all originate from the Stomach and return to the Stomach. How profound is the meaning of "Zhi"!
("Zhi" possesses both dispersing and consolidating functions; the prescription boundaries distinguish North and South; Zhishi has a brave nature, Zhike has a diffusing nature; the center distributes form layers. Dispersing and consolidating separate grain flavors and grain essences; meridians determine origins from the Stomach.)
(Ben Jing Middle Grade)
[Flavor and Property] Bitter, neutral, slightly toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats fright epilepsy, cold and heat, manic spasms due to excessive heat, expelling evil spirits and demons.
[Analysis] It is said: Produced in Longxi and Jin regions; currently available in Lai, Mi, Zi, Qing, [missing character], Rong, and other prefectures. Whenever oxen produce Huang (Calculus Bovis), there may be light at night, eyes appear blood-red, and they occasionally roar, frightening people. Place a basin of water in front of the ox, wait for it to vomit, then urge it forcefully, causing it to drop into the water for retrieval. Dry in shade for one hundred days, avoiding sunlight and moonlight. One piece should be as large as a chicken egg yolk, layered and foldable, with hundreds or thousands of layers, light, void, fragrant, and bright in color being the best. Rubbing it on the hand leaves yellow stains that penetrate the fingernails, indicating authenticity. Lei Xiao stated: There are four types of Huang. One obtained by urging/vomiting is called Shengshen Huang; one obtained from the horn after killing the ox is called Jiaozhong Huang; one peeled from the heart after the ox dies of illness is called Xinhuang, initially like yellow sauce in the heart, hardening upon contact with water, resembling broken tribulus seeds or soybean curds, similar to Dizhuzi; one obtained from the liver and gallbladder is called Ganhuang or Danhuang, none of which are as precious as Shengshen Huang. KT Calculus Bovis is hard but not fragrant; additionally, Camel Calculus is easily obtained and can cause confusion, so careful examination is necessary. Processing: Grind alone into fine dust, wrap in silk, then wrap again in young yellow cowhide, suspend in a well overnight, three to four chi above the water level, and use the next morning. Ginseng acts as an assistant. Combined with Mudan (Moutan Cortex) and Changpu (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma), it benefits the ears and eyes. Adversely reacts with Gulong (Dragon Bone), Longdan (Gentianae Radix), Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix), Changshan (Dichroae Radix), Feilian (Blatta Orientalis), Huang Neniu Pi (Young Yellow Cowhide), Niuxi (Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix), and Ganqi (Dried Gum Resin of Chinese Terebinth).
Mr. Miu Zhongchun said: The ox is an earth animal, obtaining the clarity of Qi and Blood, condensing into Huang, similar to the internal elixir in the human body. Therefore, when an ox produces Huang...
Predecessors said: Kun represents the ox, yellow represents earth, thus Huang is the ox's original destiny. Entering the Liver and Gallbladder is like clouds following dragons or wind following tigers...
[Commentary] It is said: The ox is an earth animal, corresponding to the Kun trigram, with the color yellow. Its texture is layered, embodying the principle of "yellow within, connecting principles," possessing the virtue of carrying things heavily.
Thus, it can solidify the function of Earth virtue and nourish grasses and trees. Wood must be based on Earth, taking Earth as its life source. Conditions like fright epilepsy, cold and heat, manic spasms, and evil spirits, although originating from Spleen Earth, eventually lead to Liver Wood deficiency, which may counter-attack Spleen Earth. The principle of Five Elements states that loss of control leads to hyperactivity, which causes harm to the controlled element. The method should benefit Earth and assist Fire. Huang enters the Spleen, bitter enters the Heart. The Heart is the child of the Liver; the child can assist the mother to strengthen her. This aligns with the meaning in *Jin Gui Yao Lue* regarding treating Liver deficiency transmitting to Spleen: first tonify Liver Wood, then involve Heart and Spleen. Previously, because the origin was Liver, Liver was tonified first. Here, since it only originates from Spleen Earth transmission, only Spleen Earth is benefited, followed by Heart Fire. It does not start from the Liver, so do not treat the Liver.
(*Jin Gui Yao Lue* states: The superior physician treats disease before it arises. Treating disease before it arises means seeing Liver disease, knowing it will transmit to Spleen; one should first solidify Spleen. If Spleen is prosperous in any season and resists pathogenic factors, do not tonify. The mediocre physician does not understand transmission; seeing Liver disease, failing to solidify Spleen, and only treating the Liver. For Liver disease, tonify with sour, assist with scorched bitter, and benefit with sweet herbs. Sour enters Liver, scorched bitter enters Heart, sweet enters Spleen; Spleen can injure Kidney. If Kidney Qi is weak, Water does not flow. If Water does not flow, Heart Fire becomes excessive and injures Lung; if Lung is injured, Metal Qi does not flow; if Metal Qi does not flow, Liver Qi becomes excessive, and the Liver heals itself. This is the subtlety of treating Liver by benefiting Spleen. Use this method for Liver deficiency, not for excess. Recorded in detail for reference.)