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Fulonggan (Dragon's Liver Soil), detailed under the entry for Duanshi (Calcined Stone).

Changmo (Ink from Cauldron Soot), detailed under the entry for Duanshi (Calcined Stone).

Dongbitu (Earth from East Wall), detailed under the entry for Duanshi (Calcined Stone).

Liangshangchen (Dust from Beams), detailed under the entry for Duanshi (Calcined Stone).

Donghui (Winter Ash), detailed under the entry for Duanshi (Calcined Stone).

Zaohui (Stove Ash), detailed under the entry for Duanshi (Calcined Stone).

Shā (Sand/Mineral Salt), produced in Xirong (Western Barbarians) regions; currently also found in Xiliang, Xia State, and bordering prefectures of Hedong and Shaanxi. However, Shā imported from Xirong consists of bright, lustrous granules or blocks; large ones are fist-sized, weighing three to five liang, while small ones are finger-nail sized, which are most precious for medicinal use. Shā from border areas is mixed with fine fragments like hemp seeds or beans, often夹杂着 sand and gravel. It must undergo feizhi (flying processing - a purification method involving levitation by wind or water) to clarify and remove earth and stone residues; otherwise, its efficacy is weak, and locals call it Qisha (Qi Sand). This drug appeared relatively recently. Medical texts record that ancients took single-ingredient Fhuo Shā (Fire-treated Sand) after calcination, formed into pills, sometimes combined with Liuhuang (Sulfur) or Mayaxiao (Saltpeter). The origin of these prescriptions is unknown and does not conform to ancient methods. This substance is originally used to attack and resolve accumulations; it is hot in nature and toxic. Excessive consumption corrodes and damages the intestines and stomach. Raw usage can allegedly transform human heart tissue into blood. Thus, it is certainly not suitable for daily ingestion. However, people in the Western Regions use it to cure meat, roasting it to eat as salt without harm, likely due to long-term habituation. This is analogous to the story of Emperor Wu of Wei consuming Yege (Aconite root/Vine) without toxicity. It is also known as Beitingsha (Beiting Sand) and Dixian (Di Salt). The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states it can soften gold and silver and is used for soldering. Currently, people use Pengsha (Peng Sand) for soldering. Pengsha originates from the South Sea, has warm and neutral properties. Modern physicians consider it crucial for treating throat diseases. Its texture is very glossy and translucent, sometimes occurring in large blocks, but it is rarely used in various prescriptions.

Péngshā (Peng Sand), detailed under the entry for Shā.

Jiāngshí (Ginger Stone), grows among earth and stones. Those from Licheng in Qizhou are of good quality; they are found elsewhere but currently only produced in Qizhou. Its shape resembles ginger. There are five types; white-colored ones are used, preferably those that are soft and non-gritty. Collection has no fixed season. Cui Shi treated Dingzhong (Carbuncle/Furuncle) by using powdered white Jiangshi mixed with egg white for topical application, causing the carbuncle to discharge spontaneously. It is also effective for Lubing (Mastitis). Generally, stone-type drugs mainly treat yongju (abscesses and sores). Ma Siming of Northern Qi treated Yang Zunyan's back sore by taking coarse-textured yellow stone the size of a goose egg, heating it fiercely until red-hot, then quenching it in strong vinegar. Fragments fell into the vinegar. He repeated the heating and quenching process until the stone was exhausted, dried the fragments, ground and sieved them, mixed with vinegar, and applied topically, resulting in immediate healing. Liu Yuxi called this the "Lian Shi Fa" (Stone Refining Method): applying it to sores and swellings ensures healing. People also pass down information about Maifanshi (Wheat-Rice Stone), which treats Fabei Chuang (Back Carbuncle). Maifanshi is roughly yellowish-white, resembling wheat rice; stones previously used as millstones are particularly good. Lü Zihua, a hermit from Mount Zhong, provided a prescription: Crush this stone into chess-piece sizes, heat red-hot with charcoal, and immerse in rice vinegar. Repeat this heating and immersion ten times. Take one deer antler, including the skull bone, cut into 2-3 cun segments, heat with charcoal until smoke appears, then stop. Mix Bailian powder (Bai Lian Rhizome) equally with the stone powder, and double the amount of deer antler powder. Grind all three together finely. Decoct three-year-old rice vinegar in a pot until it boils like fish eyes, then add the prepared medicines. Stir to form a paste similar to cold-food taffy. Apply with a spatula to the swelling, leaving the tip of the swelling (finger-nail sized) uncovered to allow heat to dissipate. If no pus head has formed, the swelling will resolve internally; if a head has formed, reduce its size. For chronic cases where flesh has rotted away exposing bone and sinew, apply this ointment on fine cloth to the wound, changing it when dry. Cases without perforation will invariably heal. During the swelling phase, strictly avoid touching with hands; the effect is extremely miraculous. This prescription appears in Sun Simiao's *Qianjin Yueling*, largely identical to this one, though the current description is more comprehensive. Additionally, round stones from water can treat sudden back swelling that gradually enlarges like a gourd. For unidentified stones, take one or two bowls of round river stones, heat them extremely hot, pour into clear water. After boiling subsides, wash the swollen area for immediate recovery.