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Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange), grows in the rivers and marshes of Henei. Zhi Qiao (Ripe Bitter Orange), grows in the valleys of Shangzhou; currently, it is available in all prefectures of Jingxi and Jianghu, with those from Shangzhou being the best. It resembles a tangerine but is smaller, with a tree height of five to seven chi. The leaves resemble those of Cheng (Citrus aurantium var. ponciriformis), are thorny, produce white flowers in spring, and bear fruit in autumn. Harvested in September and October, dried in the shade. Old texts state that fruits harvested in July and August are called Zhi Shi; those harvested in September and October are called Zhi Qiao. Current practitioners generally use thick-skinned and small fruits as Zhi Shi, and complete, large fruits as Zhi Qiao. The preferred quality is characterized by an inverted shape resembling the rim of a basin or lips, and aged for a long time. Varieties produced in nearby regions are colloquially called "stinking tangerines" and are unsuitable for medicinal use. Zhang Zhongjing treated cases of hardness and fullness in the epigastrium like a plate, caused by fluid retention, using Zhi Shi Zhu Tang (Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Decoction). Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) 7 pieces, Bai Zhu (White Atractylodes Rhizome) 3 liang, decocted in one dou of water to yield three sheng, divided into three doses. Reduce the dose slightly once the abdomen becomes soft. For chest bi syndrome with palpable hardness in the heart region, qi stagnation in the chest, chest fullness, and rebellious qi from the hypochondrium rushing to the heart, Zhi Shi Xie Bai Gui Zhi Tang (Immature Bitter Orange, Macrostemon, and Cinnamon Twig Decoction) is indicated. Chen Jiu Zhi Shi (Aged Immature Bitter Orange) 4 pieces, Hou Po (Magnolia Bark) 4 liang, Xie Bai (Macrostemon Bulb) 0.5 jin, sliced, Gua Lou (Trichosanthes Fruit) 1 piece, Gui Zhi (Cinnamon Twig) 1 liang. Decoct in five sheng of water; first decoct Zhi Shi and Hou Po to obtain two sheng, discard the dregs, then add the remaining herbs and boil for two or three boils. Divide into three warm doses; recovery is expected. There are also Ju Pi Zhi Shi Tang (Tangerine Peel and Immature Bitter Orange Decoction) and Gui Jiang Sheng Zhi Shi Tang (Cinnamon, Ginger, and Immature Bitter Orange Decoction), both indicating chest bi and heart pain. Ge Hong treated sudden chest bi pain by using only Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange), ground into powder, taken as one fang cun bi per dose, three times daily and once at night. The root bark treats hematochezia; take as powder or decoct for regular drinking. It also treats acute wind stroke where the body is straight and cannot bend or stretch; scrape the bark of Zhi Mu (Bitter Orange Tree) to obtain Zhi Ru (Bitter Orange Bark Powder) one sheng, soak in one sheng of wine overnight, take five he, until finished, repeat preparation if necessary, which is effective.

Zhi Qiao (Ripe Bitter Orange), see details under the entry for Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange).

Shan Zhu Yu (Cornus Officinalis Fruit), grows in the valleys of Hanzhong, Yuanju of Langya, and Cheng County of Donghai; currently available in Haizhou. The tree is over one zhang high, leaves resemble elm, flowers are white; when the fruit is freshly ripe but not dry, it is red, resembling Hu Tui Zi (Elaeagnus), with a core; it is edible. When dry, the skin is very thin. Harvest the fruit in September and October, dry in the shade. Wu Pu stated: Also known as Shu Shi (Rat Dropping), leaves resemble plum but have prickly hairs. Flowers in February like apricot; fruit in April like sour jujube, red; harvest the fruit in May, which differs slightly from the above. Old texts suggest using the fruit with the core. However, Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun (Lei Gong's Treatise on Processing of Chinese Materia Medica) states: Take one jin of fruit, remove the core, use the flesh and skin, weighing only four liang and half. The core with eight ridges is called Que Er Su (Sparrow's Food), which is a different substance and should not be used.