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Hongcao (Mimosa pudica / Water Red), also known as Shuihong, was not recorded in older texts regarding its specific place of origin, but it is said to grow near water. Currently, it is found in low-lying wet areas everywhere. It resembles Polygonum (Knotweed) but has larger leaves, with reddish-white flowers, and grows over a zhang (approx. 3.3 meters) tall. The *Erya* states: "Hong" is synonymous with "Longgu". The larger variety is pronounced "Qiu Zhui Qie". Zheng Xuan's commentary on the *Book of Songs* mentions: "In the marshes there are wandering dragons," referring to this plant. Lu Ji stated: it is also called Maliao (Horse Knotweed). The *Shennong Benjing* states: it resembles Maliao but is larger. If so, Maliao is naturally a distinct species. Its seeds are harvested in the fifth month, though they are rarely used nowadays. Instead, the roots and stems are boiled into a decoction to wash Hong Kong Foot (podagra or severe foot swelling/pain).

Haizao (Sargassum), grows in the pools and marshes of the East Sea, and is currently produced in the seas of Dengzhou and Laizhou prefectures. Algae exist in all waters. The *Book of Songs · Zhou Nan* states: "Where to gather algae? In the ponds and islets," referring to this. Lu Ji stated: Algae are aquatic plants growing at the bottom of water. There are two types: one has leaves like Plectranthus amboinicus (Jisu) and stems like chopsticks, four to five chi long; the other has stems like hairpin shafts and leaves like Artemisia argyi (Panghai), called Juzao (Clustered Algae), and people in Fufeng call it Zaoju, named for its pronunciation. Both types are edible; when cooked to remove the fishy smell, steamed with rice flour, they make excellent food, serving as a grain substitute during famines in Jingyang. The Haizao referred to today grows in the sea, with roots attached to stones at the bottom, black and slightly thicker than tangled hair, leaves resembling water algae but larger, called Dayezao (Large-leaved Algae). The *Shennong Benjing* states: it treats Yingliu (goiter/neck masses). Seafarers tie ropes around their waists, dive underwater to harvest them, and attach the algae to the rope. Another type, Maweizao (Horse-tail Algae), grows in shallow water, resembling a short horse tail, thin and black; it primarily treats edema and promotes urination. Tao Hongjing stated: The *Erya* mentions "Lun resembles Lun, Zu resembles Zu, found in the East Sea." Current Qingtai (Green Moss) and Zicai (Purple Laver) resemble Lun. Kunbu (Kelp) resembles Zu, likely being this substance. However, Chen Cangqi claimed that "Lun" and "Zu" precisely refer to these two algae. Upon careful examination of the *Shennong Benjing*: Haizao has an alias [missing character/variant]. The *Erya* calls [character] Shi Yi (Stone Garment), and also calls [character] (pronounced Tu Nan Qie) Hai [character] (same meaning as Zao), indicating Haizao originally had these two names. Commentators regarded them as medicinal herbs, considering Lun and Zu to be different grasses. Thus, Tao Hongjing's view aligns closely with Chen Cangqi's, though not definitively proven. Furthermore, commentators identified Shi Yi as Shuitai (Water Moss), also named Shifa (Stone Hair); Shifa is Zhili (Dzali), which looks similar to moss but is rougher. It is also stated that [character] leaves resemble Xie (Scallion/Garlic Chive) but are larger, growing on the seabed. Zhili has its own entry below, with flavor, nature, and efficacy completely different from Haizao. The green moss growing in Jiangnan pools is indeed water moss, used by ancients for papermaking, yellowish-green, now identified as Shifa. Therefore, [characters] are names for Haizao, while Shifa is undoubtedly a separate category. Kunbu is also produced in Dengzhou and Laizhou, with functions similar to Haizao. Tao further stated: All sea vegetables treat Yingliu and Qi stagnation; Qingtai and Zicai do likewise. Shifan (Stone Sail) resembles cypress and treats Shilin (lithiasis); Shuisong (Water Pine) resembles pine and treats Xidu (stream toxicity). The *Wu Du Fu* states: "Grasses include Shifan and Shuisong." Liu Yuanlin noted: Shifan grows on rocky islets, is herbaceous, leafless, about one chi high. Its flowers interlock; upon death, it floats. Rarely seen alive. Shuisong is a medicinal herb growing in water, produced in Jiaozhi, South Sea. Zicai grows attached to rocks in the sea, fresh green, turning purple when dried, found in the South Sea. In the East Sea, there is another kind, Haidai (Kelp/Dulse), resembling Haizao but thicker and longer. People in Dengzhou dry it; it is flexible and used for tying. Physicians use it to promote urination, acting faster than Haizao and Kunbu. Shifa is dried and eaten as a vegetable with pickled juice, very delicious. Qingtai can be made into dried provisions, both being beneficial. Among mosses, Jingzhong Tai (Well Moss) grows in abandoned wells, along with Jinglan, treating Heat-Toxin. The preceding entry on Yuanyi (Wall Clothing) states: grows in the shade of ancient walls. Su Gong said: it is the green moss on the north side of old walls. Those growing on stones are named Xiexie; those on roofs are named Wuyou. Their therapeutic effects are largely similar. Lu Guimeng's *Ode to Moss* states: High places have Wasong, low places have Zekui; scattered in rock caves is Shifa, filling empty fields is Yuanyi, on roofs is Xiexie, for medicine is Zhili. Wasong grows on old tiled roofs, resembling pine cones, layered. Zekui is Fukui (Duckweed). Though different species, they all grow sensing tile and stone energy, hence Lu's inference. Rarely used now, so merely appended here. Wasong is the same as Zeyehe Cao mentioned below. *Guangzhi* calls it Lanxiang. Duan Chengshi said: Some say pine resin on beams causes air leakage, generating Wasong, but this is not necessarily true. Physicians sometimes use it for women's menstrual regulation. Zhili is crucial in ancient formulas for treating deficiency-cold dysentery. Fan Wang's formula for abdominal fluid retention uses Haizao Wan. There is also a Goiter Wine Recipe: Haizao one jin, placed in a silk bag, soaked in two sheng of clear wine, for two days in spring/summer, three days in autumn/winter. Take two he per dose, three times daily. When wine is finished, prepare again. Dry the residue, powder it, take one Fang Cun Bi per dose, three times daily. Two courses suffice for cure. *Guangji Fang* method for treating Qi stagnation causing bladder urgency using Kunbu: Goryeo Kunbu one jin, soak overnight in white rice wash water, rinse to remove saltiness. Boil in ten dou of water until nearly cooked. Tear into strips three cun long, four to five fen wide. Add one握 (handful) of scallion whites, cut into two cun segments, tear, and boil until Kunbu is extremely soft. Season with salt, vinegar, fermented soybeans, and rice flour, following previous methods, avoiding excessive sourness/saltiness. Harmonize with ginger, tangerine peel, and pepper powder. Eat with Liangmi or Jingmi rice. Haizao follows this method, effectively moving Qi downward, with great efficacy and no contraindications.