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Valerianella locusta (Gujingcao), the old materia medica did not record its place of origin, but it is now found everywhere. It grows in rice fields in spring; both leaves and stems are green, while roots and flowers are white. The flowers should be harvested in February or March for medicinal use. It is also known as Daixingcao (Star-wearing Grass) because its leaves are slender, and its small, round, white flowers resemble stars. Another variety has slightly longer, jointed stems and reddish roots, originating from the Qin and Long regions. It was rarely used in ancient prescriptions but is commonly used in modern dental medicines.

Arisaema consanguineum (Tiannanxing), *Shennong Bencao Jing* did not record its place of origin, stating only that it grows in marshes and flatlands, where it is now found everywhere. Sprouts emerge in February, resembling lotus stems; the stem is about one chi tall. Leaves resemble those of Colocasia esculenta (Taro), with two leaflets embracing each other. Flowers appear in May, shaped like a snake's head and yellow in color. Berries form in July on spikes, resembling pomegranate seeds and red in color. The root resembles taro but is round. Roots are harvested in February and August. They are similar to the roots of Pinellia ternata (Banxia), leading to frequent misidentification by collectors. Varieties with spotted stems and purple flowers belong to a different species. Some argue that if Arisraema matches the description in the materia medica, it is actually Rhizoma Typhonii (Huzhang). Smaller specimens are called Youba; later practitioners adopted this term, establishing it as a separate name. Currently, larger Arisaema rhizomes have tubers all around their periphery, which are removed during harvesting. Chen Cangqi stated: "Pinellia is one or two chi tall, while Youba is one or two cun tall," which is factually reversed. In reality, Youba seedlings are one or two chi tall, with stems resembling taro stems but without spots, and roots the size of chicken eggs. Pinellia is typically one or two cun tall, though some reach one chi, with roots perfectly round like a little finger. In the Wu region of Jiangnan, there is also Bai [Yi/Fuzi], also called Guiyu gen (Ghost Taro Root), which resembles Arisaema. These grow abundantly in low-lying marshes and are often mixed and collected as Arisaema, making them indistinguishable. The products sold in markets are often these substitutes. However, true Arisaema is smaller, soft and greasy with fine texture, and cracks easily when processed, allowing for slight differentiation. Ancient prescriptions mostly used Rhizoma Typhonii (Huzhang) and did not mention Arisaema. Arisaema came into common use during the Tang Dynasty and is frequently used in prescriptions for wind-stroke and phlegm-toxicity. The *Xu Chuanxin Fang* treats wind-pain using Arisaema and Rhododendron molle flowers (Zhi Zhu Hua). Both are crushed fresh together, sifted, and formed into cakes. These cakes are steamed four or five times over a steamer, then stored in thin kudzu cloth bags. When needed, they are taken out, dried, powdered, mixed with steamed dough pills, and formed into pills the size of sophora seeds. Three pills are taken with warm wine. For waist and leg bone pain, take on an empty stomach; for arm pain, take after meals. This treatment is highly effective.