气味辛微温，无毒。主下气杀谷，除饮食，辟口臭，去邪毒，辟恶气。久服通神明，
轻身耐老。（《纲目》误列中品，今改入上品。）
（紫苏《本经》名水苏，始生九真池泽，今处处有之，好生水旁，因名水苏，其叶面青
背紫，昼则森挺，暮则下垂。气甚辛香，开花成穗，红紫色，穗中有细子，其色黄赤，入土
易生。后人于壤土莳植，面背皆紫者，名家紫苏。野生瘠土者，背紫面青。《别录》另列紫
苏，其实一种，但家野之不同耳。又一种面背皆青，气辛臭香者，为荠 。一种面背皆白者，
名白苏，俱不堪入药。）
紫苏气味辛温，臭香色紫，其叶昼挺暮垂，禀太阳天日晦明之气。天气下降，故主下气。
下气则能杀谷，杀谷则能除饮食。除，消除也。味辛臭香，故辟口臭。辟口臭，则能去邪毒。
去
愚按∶紫苏配杏子，主利小便，消水肿，解肌表，定喘逆，与麻黄同功而不走泄正气，
故《
气味辛平，无毒。主宽中行气，消饮食，化痰涎，治噎膈反胃，止心腹痛，通十
二经关窍脉络。（《新增》附。）
（苏枝是茎上傍枝，非老梗也。）
气味苦辛温，无毒。主治胸中瘕热逆气，利水谷。久服去臭，下气，通神。
（橘生江南及山南山谷，今江浙荆襄湖 皆有。枝多坚刺，叶色青翠，经冬不凋，结实
青圆
橘实形圆色黄，臭香肉甘，脾之果也。其皮气味苦辛，性主温散，筋膜似络脉，皮形若
肌肉
，宗眼如毛孔，乃从脾脉之大络而外出于肌肉毛孔之药也。胸中瘕热逆气者，谓胃上郛郭之
间，浊气留聚，则假气成形，而为瘕热逆气之病。橘皮能达胃络之气，出于肌腠，故胸中之
瘕热逆气可治也。利水谷者，水谷入胃，藉脾气之散精，橘皮能达脾络之气，上通于胃，故
水谷可利也。久服去臭者，去中焦腐秽之臭气，而整肃脾胃也。下气通神者，下肺主之气，
通心主之神，橘皮气味辛苦，辛入肺，而苦入心也。
愚按∶上古诸方，只曰橘皮个用不切，并无去白之说。李东垣不参经义，不礼物性，承
《
嗽。
夫咳嗽非只肺病，有肝气上逆而咳嗽者，有胃气壅滞而咳嗽者，有肾气奔迫而咳嗽者，有心
火上炎而咳嗽者，有皮毛闭拒而咳嗽者，有脾肺不和而咳嗽者。《经》云∶五脏六腑皆令人
咳，非独肺也。橘皮里有筋膜，外黄内白，其味先甘后辛，其性从络脉而外达于肌肉、毛孔
，以之治咳，有从内达外之义。若去其白，其味但辛，只行皮毛，风寒咳嗽似乎相宜，虚劳
不足，益辛散矣。后人袭方书糟粕，不穷物性本原，无怪以讹传讹，而莫之止。须知雷 乃
宋人，非黄帝时雷公也。业医者当以上古方制为准绳，如《金匮要略》用橘皮汤治干呕哕，
义可知矣。日华子谓∶橘瓤上筋膜，治口渴吐酒，煎汤饮甚效。以其能行胸中之饮而行于皮
肤也。夫橘皮从内达外，凡汗多里虚，阳气外浮者，宜禁用之。
The flavor is pungent and slightly warm, non-toxic. It primarily directs Qi downward, aids digestion, eliminates food stagnation, removes bad breath, expels pathogenic toxins, and wards off foul odors. Long-term consumption promotes spiritual clarity, lightens the body, and delays aging. (Bencao Gangmu erroneously listed it in the middle grade; it is now corrected to the upper grade.)
(Zisu [Perilla Leaf], known as Shuizu [Water Mint] in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, originally grew in the pools and marshes of Jiuzhen. It is now found everywhere, favoring growth near water sources, hence the name Shuizu. Its leaves are green on the upper surface and purple on the lower surface; they stand erect during the day and droop at night. The odor is strongly pungent and fragrant. Flowers form spikes, red-purple in color, containing small yellow-red seeds that germinate easily in soil. Later generations cultivated varieties in fertile soil where both surfaces turned purple, called "Famous Zisu." Wild varieties in barren soil have purple undersides and green tops. Mingyi Bie Lu listed Zisu separately, but it is essentially the same plant, differing only in domestic versus wild origins. Another variety with green surfaces on both sides has a pungent, foul fragrance and is called Qisū. A variety with white surfaces on both sides is called Baishu [White Perilla]. Neither is suitable for medicinal use.)
Zisu has a pungent and warm flavor, a fragrant odor, and a purple color. Its leaves stand erect by day and droop by night, embodying the Qi of the Sun's brightness and darkness. As Heavenly Qi descends, it primarily directs Qi downward. Directing Qi downward aids digestion; aiding digestion eliminates food stagnation. "Eliminate" means to remove. The pungent and fragrant flavor removes bad breath. Removing bad breath expels pathogenic toxins.
Commentary: When Zisu is combined with Apricot Kernels, it promotes urination, reduces edema, releases the muscle layer, and calms wheezing. Its efficacy is similar to Mahuang [Ephedra Herb] but does not leak or deplete healthy Qi. Therefore, [Jingue...
Flavor: Pungent, warm. Non-toxic. Primarily directs Qi downward, dispels cold, and warms the middle. (Appendix from Mingyi Bie Lu)
Flavor: Pungent, neutral. Non-toxic. Primarily widens the middle and regulates Qi, digests food, resolves phlegm-saliva, treats dysphagia and regurgitation, stops heart and abdominal pain, and unblocks the acupoints and collaterals of the twelve meridians. (Appendix from Xin Zeng)
(Suzhi [Perilla Stem] refers to the side branches of the stem, not the old woody stalks.)
Flavor: Bitter, pungent, warm. Non-toxic. Primarily treats heat and rebellious Qi associated with masses in the chest, promotes the metabolism of water and grain. Long-term consumption removes foul odors, directs Qi downward, and connects with the spirit.
(The Orange tree grows in Jiangnan and mountain valleys. Currently, it is found in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jingxiang, and Huguang. Branches have many hard thorns; leaves are emerald green and do not wither in winter. Fruits are green and round...)
Orange fruits are round and yellow, fragrant in odor, and sweet in flesh; they are the fruit of the Spleen. The peel has a bitter and pungent flavor, with a warming and dispersing nature. Its fibrous membrane resembles collaterals; its shape resembles muscle; its pores resemble hair follicles. It is a herb that travels from the large collaterals of the Spleen meridian outward to the muscles and hair follicles. "Heat and rebellious Qi associated with masses in the chest" refers to turbid Qi accumulating between the upper boundary of the Stomach, taking form through Qi, resulting in pathology. Jupi [Tangerine Peel] can reach the Qi of the Stomach collaterals and emerge from the skin and muscle interstices, thus treating chest masses and rebellious Qi. "Promoting the metabolism of water and grain" means that when water and grain enter the Stomach, they rely on the Spleen's distribution of essence. Jupi reaches the Qi of the Spleen collaterals and ascends to the Stomach, facilitating the proper transformation of water and grain. Long-term consumption removes foul odors by eliminating rotting filth from the Middle Jiao and regulating the Spleen and Stomach. Directing Qi downward and connecting with the Spirit refers to descending the Qi governed by the Lungs and connecting with the Spirit governed by the Heart. The pungent flavor enters the Lungs, and the bitter flavor enters the Heart.
Commentary: In ancient prescriptions, Jupi was used whole without cutting, and there was no mention of removing the white pith. Li Dongyuan, without consulting meridian theory or understanding material nature, followed [erroneous practices leading to cough].
Cough is not solely a Lung disease. There are cases caused by rebellious Liver Qi, stagnant Stomach Qi, rushing Kidney Qi, flaming-up Heart Fire, closed exterior due to skin/hair obstruction, and disharmony between Spleen and Lungs. The Classic states: "All five zang organs and six fu organs can cause cough, not just the Lungs." Inside Jupi are fibrous membranes; the outside is yellow, the inside white. The taste is first sweet, then pungent. Its nature moves from collaterals outward to muscles and hair follicles. Using it to treat cough embodies the principle of moving from interior to exterior. If the white pith is removed, the taste becomes purely pungent, acting only on the exterior/skin. This may seem suitable for wind-cold cough, but for deficiency consumptive conditions, it would further disperse Qi through pungency. Later generations inherited the dregs of prescription books without investigating the original nature of materials. No wonder errors spread unchecked. One must know that Lei Xiao was a Song dynasty figure, not the Leigong of the Yellow Emperor's time. Practitioners should take ancient prescriptions as the standard. For example, using Jupi Tang in Jingui Yaolue to treat dry vomiting and hiccups reveals this principle. Rihua Zi stated: The fibrous membrane on orange pulp effectively treats thirst and alcohol-induced vomiting when decocted and drunk. This is because it circulates fluid in the chest and moves it to the skin. Since Jupi moves from interior to exterior, it is strictly contraindicated for those with excessive sweating, interior deficiency, and floating Yang Qi.