（《拾遗》）
【释名】美草。
弘景曰∶东人呼为山姜，南人呼为美草。
时珍曰∶与杜若之山姜，名同物异也。
【集解】藏器曰∶山姜根及苗，并如姜而大，作樟木臭，南人食之。又有 子姜，黄色
而紧，辛辣，破血气殊强于此姜。
颂曰∶山姜出九真交趾，今闽广皆有之。刘恂《岭表录异》云∶茎叶皆姜也，但根不堪
食。亦与豆蔻花相似，而微小尔。花生叶间，作穗如麦粒，嫩红色。南人取其未大开者，谓
之含胎花，以盐水淹藏入甜糟中，经冬如琥珀色，辛香可爱，用为 ，无以加矣。又以盐杀
治曝干者，煎汤服之，极除冷气，甚佳。
时珍曰∶山姜生南方，叶似姜，花赤色甚辛，子似草豆蔻，根如杜若及高良姜。今人以
其子伪充草豆蔻，然其气甚猛烈。
根
【气味】辛，热，无毒。
【主治】腹中冷痛，煮服甚效。作丸散服，辟谷止饥（弘景）。去恶气，温中，中恶霍
乱，心腹冷痛，功用如姜（藏器）。
花及子
【气味】辛，温，无毒。
【主治】调中下气，破冷气作痛，止霍乱，消食，杀酒毒（大明）。
（《别录》中品）
【校正】并入《开宝本草》红豆蔻。
【释名】蛮姜（《纲目》），子名红豆蔻。
时珍曰∶陶隐居言此姜始出高良郡，故得此名。按高良，即今高州也。汉为高凉县，吴
改为郡。其山高而稍凉，因以为名，则高良当作高凉也。
【集解】弘景曰∶出高良郡，二月、三月采根。形气与杜若相似，而叶如山姜。
恭曰∶出岭南者，形大虚软，生江左者细紧，亦不甚辛，其实一也。今人呼细者为杜若，
大者，为高良姜，亦非也。
颂曰∶今岭南诸州及黔、蜀皆有之，内郡虽有而不堪入药。春生茎叶如姜苗而大，高一、
二尺许。花红紫色，如山姜花。
曰∶红豆蔻生南海诸谷，高良姜子也。其苗如芦，其叶如姜，花作穗，嫩叶卷之而生，
微带红色。嫩者入盐，累累作朵不散落，须以朱槿花染令色深。善醒醉，解酒毒，无他要使
也。
时珍曰∶按∶范成大《桂海志》云∶红豆蔻花丛生，叶瘦如碧芦。春末始发，初开花抽
一干，有大箨包之，箨拆花见。一穗数十蕊，淡红鲜妍，如桃杏花色。蕊重则下垂如葡萄，
又如火齐璎珞及剪彩鸾枝之状。每蕊有心两瓣，人比之连理也。其子亦似草豆蔻。
【修治】时珍曰∶高良姜、红豆蔻，并宜炒过入药。亦有以姜同吴茱萸、东壁土炒过入
药用者。
根
【气味】辛，大温，无毒。志曰∶辛、苦，大热，无毒。
张元素曰∶辛，热，纯阳，浮也。入足太阴、阳明经。
【主治】暴冷，胃中冷逆，霍乱腹痛（《别录》）。下气益声，好颜色。煮饮服之，止痢
（藏器）。治风破气，腹内久冷气痛，去风冷痹弱（甄权）。转筋泻痢，反胃呕食，解酒毒，
消宿食（大明）。含块咽津，治忽然恶心，呕清水，逡巡即瘥。若口臭者，同草豆蔻为末，
煎饮（苏颂）。健脾胃，宽噎膈，破冷癖，除瘴疟（时珍）。
【发明】杨士瀛曰∶噫逆胃寒者，高良姜为要药，人参、茯苓佐之，为其温胃，解散胃
中风邪也。
时珍曰∶《十全方》言∶心脾冷痛，用高良姜，细锉微炒为末，米饮服一钱，立止。太
祖高皇帝御制周颠仙碑文，亦载其有验云。又秽迹佛有治心口痛方云∶凡男女心口一点痛者，
乃胃脘有滞或有虫也。多因怒及受寒而起，遂致终身。俗言心气痛者，非也。用高良姜（以
酒洗七次焙研），香附子（以醋洗七次焙研），各记收之。病因寒得，用姜末二钱，附末一钱；
因怒得，用附末二钱，姜末一钱；寒怒兼有，各一钱半，以米饮加入生姜汁一匙，盐一捻，
服之立止。韩飞霞《医通》书亦称其功云。
【附方】旧三，新十。
霍乱吐利∶火炙高良姜令焦香。每用五两，以酒一升，煮三、四沸，顿服。亦治腹痛中
恶。（《外台》）
霍乱腹痛∶高良姜一两（锉）。以水三大盏，煎二盏半，去滓，入粳米一合，煮粥食之。
便止。（《圣惠方》）霍乱呕甚不止。用高良姜（生锉）二钱，大枣一枚。水煎冷服，立定。
名冰壶汤。（《普济方》）
香港脚欲吐∶苏恭曰∶凡患香港脚人，每旦饱食，午后少食，日晚不食。若饥，可食豉粥。
若觉不消，欲致霍乱者。即以高良姜一两，水三升，煮一升，顿服尽，即消。若猝无者，以
母姜一两代之，清酒煎服。虽不及高良姜，亦甚效也。
心脾冷痛∶高良姜丸∶用高良姜四两（切片，分作四分∶一两用陈廪米半合，炒黄去米；
一两用陈壁土半两，炒黄去土；一两用巴豆三十四个，炒黄去豆；一两，用斑蝥三十四个，
炒黄去蝥），吴茱萸一两（酒浸一夜，同姜再炒）。为末，以浸茱酒打糊丸梧桐子大，每空心
姜汤下五十丸。《永类钤方》∶用高良姜三钱，五灵脂六
养脾温胃∶去冷消痰，宽胸下气，大治心脾疼及一切冷物所伤。用高良姜、干姜等分。
炮研末，面糊丸梧子大，每食后橘皮汤下十五丸。妊妇勿服。（《和剂局方》）脾虚寒疟，寒
多热少，饮食不思。用高良姜（麻油炒）、干姜（炮）各一两。为末。每服五钱，用猪胆汁
调成膏子，临发时热酒调服。以胆汁和丸，每服四十丸，酒下亦佳。吴开内翰，政和丁酉居
全椒县，岁疟大作，用此救人以百计。张大亨病此，甚欲致仕，亦服之愈。大抵寒发于胆，
用猪胆引二姜入胆，去寒而燥脾胃，一寒一热，阴阳相制，所以作效也。一方∶只用二姜（半
生半炮）各半两，穿山甲（炮）三钱。为末。每服二钱，猪肾煮酒下。（《朱氏集验方》）
妊妇疟疾∶先因伤寒变成者。用高良姜三钱（锉）。以 猪胆汁浸一夜，东壁土炒黑，
去土，以肥枣肉十五枚，同焙为末。每用三钱，水一盏，煎热，将发时服。神妙。（《永类钤
方》）
暴赤眼痛∶以管吹良姜末入鼻取嚏，或弹出鼻血，即散。（《谈野翁试验方》）
风牙痛肿∶高良姜二寸，全蝎（焙）一枚。为末掺之，吐涎，以盐汤漱口。此乃乐清丐
者所传。鲍季明病此，用之果效。（王 《百一选方》）
头痛搐鼻∶高良姜生研频搐。（《普济方》）红豆蔻（《开宝》）
【气味】辛，温，无毒。
权曰∶苦，辛，多食令人舌粗，不思饮食。
时珍曰∶辛热，阳也，浮也，入手、足太阴经。《生生编》云。最能动火伤目致衄，食
料不宜用之。
【主治】肠虚水泻，心腹绞痛，霍乱呕吐酸水，解酒毒（志）。冷气腹痛，消瘴雾毒瓦斯，
去宿食，温腹肠，吐泻痢疾（甄权）。治噎膈反胃，虚疟寒胀，燥湿散寒（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶红豆蔻，李东垣脾胃药中常用之，亦取其辛热芳香，能醒脾温肺、散
寒燥湿、消食之功尔。若脾肺素有伏火者，切不宜用。
【附方】新一。
风寒牙痛∶红豆蔻为末，随左右以少许搐鼻中，并掺牙取涎。或加麝香。（《卫生家宝
方》）
(From *Bencao Shiyi* [Supplement to Materia Medica])
**[Names]** Meicao (Beautiful Grass).
Tao Hongjing stated: People in the East call it Shanjiang (Mountain Ginger), while people in the South call it Meicao.
Li Shizhen stated: It shares the same name as Shanjiang found in *Duo Ruo*, but they are different substances.
**[Collection and Explanation]**
Chen Cangqi stated: The roots and shoots of Shanjiang resemble ginger but are larger, possessing an odor similar to camphor wood. People in the South consume it. There is also a variety called Zijing (Seed Ginger), which is yellow, firm, pungent, and has a much stronger blood-breaking qi than this ginger.
Su Song stated: Shanjiang originates from Jiuzhen and Jiaozhi. It is now found throughout Fujian and Guangdong. Liu Xun, in *Lingbiao Luyi*, noted: Its stems and leaves resemble ginger, but the root is inedible. It resembles Cardamom flower but is smaller. The flowers grow among the leaves, forming spikes like wheat grains, tender red in color. People in the South harvest them before full bloom, calling them "Han Tai Hua" (Budding Flower). They are preserved in salt water and sweet rice wine. After winter, they turn amber-colored, with a pleasant pungent fragrance, making them excellent for culinary use. Dried flowers treated with salt can be decocted and taken orally to effectively dispel cold qi, yielding good results.
Li Shizhen stated: Shanjiang grows in the South. Its leaves resemble ginger, its flowers are crimson and very pungent, its fruits resemble Caodoukou (Grass Cardamom), and its roots resemble Duoruo and Gaoliangjiang (Galangal). Currently, people use its fruits to counterfeit Caodoukou, but its medicinal qi is extremely potent.
**Root**
**[Flavor and Toxicity]** Pungent, hot, non-toxic.
**[Indications]** Cold pain in the abdomen; decocted and taken orally, it is very effective. When made into pills or powders, it can aid in grain avoidance and suppress hunger (Tao Hongjing). It eliminates foul qi, warms the Middle Jiao, treats Zhong'e Huoluan (Sudden Evil Cholera), and cold pain in the heart and abdomen; its function is similar to Ginger (Chen Cangqi).
**Flowers and Fruits**
**[Flavor and Toxicity]** Pungent, warm, non-toxic.
**[Indications]** Regulates the Middle Jiao, directs rebellious Qi downward, breaks cold qi causing pain, stops Huoluan (Cholera), aids digestion, and resolves alcohol toxicity (Meng Shen).
(From *Shennong Bencao Jing*, Middle Grade)
**[Correction]** Merged into the entry for Hongdoukou (Red Cardamom) in *Kaibao Bencao*.
**[Names]** Manjiang (Barbarian Ginger) (*Bencao Gangmu*); the fruit is named Hongdoukou.
Li Shizhen stated: Tao Yingyin said this ginger originally came from Gaoliang Commandery, hence the name. Research indicates that Gaoliang refers to modern Gaozhou. In the Han Dynasty, it was Gaoliang County; in the Wu Dynasty, it was changed to a Commandery. Because the mountains were high and slightly cool, it was named accordingly; thus, "Gaoliang" should likely be written as "Gaoliang" (Cool High).
**[Collection and Explanation]**
Tao Hongjing stated: Originates from Gaoliang Commandery; roots are harvested in the second and third lunar months. Its shape and qi resemble Duoruo, but its leaves resemble Shanjiang.
Zhen Quan stated: Those from Lingnan are large and spongy; those from Jiangzuo are small and tight, not very pungent, yet essentially the same. Currently, people call the small ones Duoruo and the large ones Gaoliangjiang, which is incorrect.
Su Song stated: It is now produced in various prefectures of Lingnan, as well as Qian and Shu. Although found in inland commanderies, it is unsuitable for medicinal use. In spring, stems and leaves emerge like ginger shoots but are larger, growing about one to two chi tall. The flowers are red-purple, resembling Shanjiang flowers.
Su Song added: Hongdoukou grows in valleys of the South Sea regions and is the fruit of Gaoliangjiang. Its seedlings resemble reeds, leaves resemble ginger, and flowers form spikes. Tender leaves curl as they grow, showing a slight red tint. Young fruits pickled in salt cluster like flowers without falling apart; they require dyeing with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers to deepen the color. It is excellent for sobering up and resolving alcohol toxicity, with no other major uses.
Li Shizhen stated: According to Fan Chengda's *Guanghai Zhi*: Hongdoukou flowers grow in clusters, with slender leaves like green reeds. Sprouting begins at the end of spring. Initially, a single stalk emerges, wrapped in large bracts; when the bract splits, the flower appears. One spike bears dozens of stamens, pale red and vibrant, resembling peach or apricot blossoms. Heavy stamens droop like grapes, or like coral necklaces and cut-paper phoenix branches. Each stamen has a heart and two petals, compared by people to intertwined branches. Its fruit also resembles Caodoukou.
**[Processing]**
Li Shizhen stated: Both Gaoliangjiang and Hongdoukou should be stir-fried before medicinal use. Some are stir-fried with Ginger, Evodiae Fructus (Wuzhuyu), and soil from the east wall.
**Root**
**[Flavor and Toxicity]** Pungent, greatly warm, non-toxic. Li Dangzhi stated: Pungent, bitter, greatly hot, non-toxic.
Zhang Yuansu stated: Pungent, hot, purely Yang, floating. Enters the Foot-Taiyin (Spleen) and Foot-Yangming (Stomach) meridians.
**[Indications]** Sudden cold, cold rebellion in the Stomach, Huoluan abdominal pain (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). Directs Qi downward, benefits the voice, improves complexion. Decocted and drunk, it stops dysentery (Chen Cangqi). Treats wind-pathogen breaking Qi, long-standing cold qi pain in the abdomen, dispels wind-cold bi-weakness (Zhen Quan). Treats muscle cramps, diarrhea/dysentery, retrograde vomiting, resolves alcohol toxicity, digests retained food (Meng Shen). Holding a piece in the mouth and swallowing saliva treats sudden nausea and vomiting of clear fluid; recovery follows shortly. For bad breath, mix with Caodoukou powder and decoct (Su Song). Strengthens Spleen and Stomach, relieves dysphagia/chest obstruction, breaks cold accumulation, eliminates malaria (Li Shizhen).
**[Elucidation]**
Yang Shiying stated: For hiccups due to Stomach cold, Gaoliangjiang is a key herb, assisted by Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma and Poria, because it warms the Stomach and disperses wind-pathogens within the Stomach.
Li Shizhen stated: *Shiquan Fang* records: For cold pain in Heart and Spleen, use Gaoliangjiang, finely chopped and lightly stir-fried to powder, taken with rice water (one qian), stopping immediately. The stele inscription for Zhou Dianxian, commissioned by Emperor Taizu, also attests to its efficacy. Additionally, a method from the Huiji Buddha for treating heart/mouth pain states: Any sharp pain in the heart/mouth area in men or women is caused by stagnation or parasites in the epigastrium. It often arises from anger and cold exposure, leading to lifelong illness. The common term "Heart Qi Pain" is incorrect. Use Gaoliangjiang (washed seven times in wine, dried, ground) and Cyperi Rhizoma (Xiangfuzi, washed seven times in vinegar, dried, ground), stored separately. If caused by cold, use two qian of Ginger powder and one qian of Cyperi powder; if caused by anger, use two qian of Cyperi powder and one qian of Ginger powder; if both, use 1.5 qian each. Take with rice water, adding one spoonful of fresh Ginger juice and a pinch of salt; relief is immediate. Han Feixia's *Yitong* also praises its merits.
**[Prescriptions]** Three old prescriptions, ten new prescriptions.
**Huoluan Vomiting and Diarrhea:** Roast Gaoliangjiang over fire until charred and fragrant. Use five liang per dose, decoct in one sheng of wine for three to four boils, take in one dose. Also treats abdominal pain from Zhong'e (*Waitai Miyao*).
**Huoluan Abdominal Pain:** Gaoliangjiang one liang (chopped). Decoct in three large bowls of water until reduced to two and a half bowls, strain, add one he of coarse rice, cook into porridge and eat. Stops pain immediately (*Taiping Shenghui Fang*). Severe Huoluan vomiting unceasing: Use raw, chopped Gaoliangjiang two qian, one large date. Decoct in water, take cold; stabilizes immediately. Named Binghu Tang (*Puji Fang*).
**Hongxiangjiao (Charley Horse) with Nausea:** Su Gong said: Patients with Hongxiangjiao should eat fully in the morning, less in the afternoon, and nothing at night. If hungry, eat bean porridge. If feeling indigestion threatening Huoluan, use Gaoliangjiang one liang, water three sheng, boil to one sheng, drink all at once; symptoms dissipate. If unavailable, substitute with mother ginger one liang, decoct in clear wine. Though inferior to Gaoliangjiang, it is very effective.
**Heart-Spleen Cold Pain:** Gaoliangjiang Wan: Use Gaoliangjiang four liang (sliced into four parts: one liang stir-fried with half he of aged barn rice, discard rice; one liang stir-fried with half liang of aged east-wall soil, discard soil; one liang stir-fried with thirty-four Croton seeds, discard seeds; one liang stir-fried with thirty-four Mylabris beetles, discard beetles), Evodiae Fructus one liang (soaked in wine overnight, stir-fried again with ginger). Grind to powder, make pills with wine-soaked paste, size of Sophora japonica seeds. Take fifty pills on an empty stomach with Ginger decoction (*Yonglei Qianfang*): Use Gaoliangjiang three qian, Trogopterus Dung six qian...
**Nourish Spleen and Warm Stomach:** Dispels cold, resolves phlegm, opens chest, directs Qi downward. Greatly treats Heart-Spleen pain and injury from all cold substances. Use equal parts Gaoliangjiang and Dried Ginger. Process and grind to powder, make pills with flour paste, size of Sophora japonica seeds. Take fifteen pills after meals with Tangerine Peel decoction. Pregnant women should not take (*Heji Jufang*). Spleen-deficiency cold malaria, more cold than heat, loss of appetite: Use Gaoliangjiang (stir-fried in sesame oil) and Processed Ginger (pao) one liang each. Grind to powder. Take five qian per dose, mix with pig bile into a paste, take with hot wine at onset. Alternatively, make pills with bile, take forty pills with wine. Wu Kai, a Hanlin Academician, lived in Quanjiao County during the Dingyou year of Zhenghe; malaria was rampant, and he saved hundreds using this method. Zhang Dahan suffered from this, wished to resign, and was cured by taking it. Generally, cold originates in the Gallbladder; Pig Bile guides the two Gingers into the Gallbladder, removing cold and drying the Spleen/Stomach. Cold and heat counterbalance each other (Yin/Yang regulation), hence efficacy. Another prescription: Use only the two Gingers (half raw, half processed) half liang each, Pangolin Scales (processed) three qian. Grind to powder. Take two qian, wash down with pork kidney and wine (*Zhu Shi Jiyan Fang*).
**Pregnant Women's Malaria:** Converted from prior Cold Damage. Use Gaoliangjiang three qian (chopped). Soak in pig bile overnight, stir-fry with east-wall soil until black, remove soil, roast together with fifteen fleshy date meats to powder. Take three qian per dose, decoct in one bowl of water until hot, take at onset. Divine and miraculous (*Yonglei Qianfang*).
**Sudden Red Eye Pain:** Blow Gaoliangjiang powder into the nose via a tube to induce sneezing, or induce nasal bleeding; pain dissipates (*Tan Ye Weng Shiyian Fang*).
**Wind Toothache and Swelling:** Gaoliangjiang two cun, Scorpio (roasted) one. Grind to powder and apply; induces salivation, rinse mouth with salt water. Passed down from a beggar in Yueqing. Bao Jiming suffered from this and found it effective (*Wang Qiu Baiyi Xuanfang*).
**Headache Nasal Insufflation:** Raw Gaoliangjiang ground frequently insufflated into nose (*Puji Fang*).
**Hongdoukou (Red Cardamom)** (From *Kaibao Bencao*)
**[Flavor and Toxicity]** Pungent, warm, non-toxic.
Zhen Quan stated: Bitter, pungent; excessive consumption makes the tongue rough and reduces appetite.
Li Shizhen stated: Pungent and hot, Yang nature, floating. Enters Hand and Foot Taiyin meridians. *Shengsheng Bian* states: It easily generates fire, damages eyes, causes epistaxis; unsuitable for dietary use.
**[Indications]** Intestinal deficiency watery diarrhea, heart/abdomen colic, Huoluan vomiting sour fluid, resolves alcohol toxicity (Li Dangzhi). Cold qi abdominal pain, eliminates miasma/toxic vapors, removes retained food, warms abdomen/intestines, treats vomiting/diarrhea/dysentery (Zhen Quan). Treats dysphagia/retrograde vomiting, deficiency malaria/cold distension, dries dampness, disperses cold (Li Shizhen).
**[Elucidation]**
Li Shizhen stated: Hongdoukou is commonly used by Li Dongyuan in Spleen/Stomach formulas, utilizing its pungent-hot aromatic nature to awaken the Spleen, warm the Lung, disperse cold, dry dampness, and digest food. However, it is strictly contraindicated for those with latent fire in the Spleen/Lungs.
**[Prescriptions]** One new prescription.
**Wind-Cold Toothache:** Hongdoukou powder, insufflate a small amount into nostrils according to side, and apply to teeth to induce salivation. Can add Musk (*Weisheng Jiabao Fang*).