（直律切。《本经》上品）
【释名】山蓟（《本经》）、杨桴（音孚）、桴蓟（《尔雅》）、马蓟（《纲目》）、山姜（《别
录》）、山连（《别录》）、吃力伽（《日华》）。时珍曰∶按《六书本义》，术字篆文，象其根
干枝叶之形。《吴普本草》一名山芥，一名天蓟。因其叶似蓟，而味似姜、芥也。西域谓之
吃力伽，故《外台秘要》有吃力伽散。扬州之域多种白术，其状如桴，故有杨桴及桴蓟之名
，今人谓之吴术是也。桴乃鼓槌之名。古方二术通用。后人始有苍、白之分，详见下。
【集解】《别录》曰∶术，生郑山山谷、汉中、南郑。二月、三月、八月、九月采根，
曝干。
弘景曰∶郑山，即南郑也。今处处有，以蒋山、白山、茅山者为胜。十一月、十二月采
者好，多脂膏而甘。其苗可作饮，甚香美。术有两种∶白术，叶大有毛而作桠，根甜而少膏
，可作丸、散用；赤术，叶细无桠，根小苦而多膏，可作煎用。东境术大而无气烈，不任用
。今市人卖者，皆以米粉涂令白，非自然矣，用时宜刮去之。
颂曰∶术，今处处有之，以茅山、嵩山者为佳。春生苗，青色无桠。茎作蒿干状，青赤
色，长三、二尺以来。夏开花，紫碧色，亦似刺蓟花，或有黄白色者。入伏后结子，至秋而
苗枯。根似姜而旁有细根，皮黑，心黄白色，中有膏液紫色。其根干湿并通用。陶隐居言术
有二种，则《尔雅》所谓桴蓟，即白术也。今白术生杭、越、舒、宣州高山岗上，叶叶相对
，上有毛，方茎，茎端生花，淡紫碧红数色，根作桠生。二月、三月、八月、九月采，曝干
用，以大块紫花为胜。古方所用术者，皆白术也。
宗 曰∶苍术，长如大拇指，肥实，皮色褐，其气味辛烈，须米泔浸洗，去皮用。白术
粗促，色微褐，其气亦微辛苦而不烈。古方及《本经》止言术，不分苍、白二种，亦宜两审
时珍曰∶苍术，山蓟也，处处山中有之。苗高二、三尺，其叶抱茎而生，梢间叶似棠梨
叶，其脚下叶有三、五叉，皆有锯齿小刺。根如老姜之状，苍黑色，肉白有油膏。白术，桴
蓟也，吴越有之。人多取根栽莳，一年即稠。嫩苗可茹，叶稍大而有毛。根如指大，状如鼓
槌，亦有大如拳者。彼人剖开曝干，谓之削术，亦曰片术。陈自良言∶白而肥者，是浙术；
瘦而黄者，是幕阜山所出，其力劣。昔人用术不分赤、白。自宋以来，始言苍术苦辛气烈，
白术苦甘气和，各自施用，亦颇有理。并以秋采者，佳；春采者，虚软易坏。嵇含《南方草
木状》云∶药有吃力伽，即术也。濒海所产，一根有至数斤者，采饵尤良。嘉谟曰∶浙术，
俗名云头术，种平壤，颇肥大，由粪力也，易润油。歙术，俗名狗头术，虽瘦小，得土气充
也，甚燥白，胜于浙术。宁国、昌化、池州者，并同歙术，境相邻也。
术（白术也）
【气味】甘，温，无毒。《别录》曰∶甘。权曰∶甘，辛。
杲曰∶味苦而甘，性温，味浓气薄，阳中阴也，可升可降。
好古曰∶入手太阳、少阴，足太阴、阳明，少阴、厥阴六经。
之才曰∶防风、地榆为之使。
权曰∶忌桃、李、菘菜、雀肉、青鱼。
嘉谟曰∶咀后人乳汁润之，制其性也。脾病，以陈壁土炒过，窃土气以助脾也。
【主治】风寒湿痹，死肌痉疸，止汗除热消食。作煎饵，久服，轻身延年不饥（《本经》）
。主大风在身面，风眩头痛，目泪出，消痰水，逐皮间风水结肿，除心下急满，霍乱吐下不
止，利腰脐间血，益津液，暖胃消谷嗜食（《别录》）。治心腹胀满，腹中冷痛，胃虚下利，
多年气痢，除寒热，止呕逆（甄权）。止反胃，利小便，主五劳七伤，补腰膝，长肌肉，治
冷气， 癖气块，妇人冷症瘕（大明）。除湿益气，和中补阳，消痰逐水，生津止渴，止泻
痢，消足胫湿肿，除胃中热、肌热。得枳实，消痞满气分；佐黄芩，安胎清热（元素）。理
胃益脾，补肝风虚，主舌本强，食则呕，胃脘痛，身体重，心下急痛，心下水痞。冲脉为病，
逆气里急，脐腹痛（好古）。
【发明】好古曰∶本草无苍、白术之名。近世多用白术，治皮间风，止汗消痞，补胃和
发，有汗则止，与黄 同功。
元素曰∶白术除湿益燥，和中补气。其用有九∶温中，一也；去脾胃中湿，二也；除胃
中热，三也；强脾胃，进饮食，四也；和胃生津液，五也；止肌热，六也；四肢困倦，嗜卧
，目不能开，不思饮食，七也；止渴，八也；安胎，九也。凡中焦不受湿不能下利，必须白
术以逐水益脾。非白术不能去湿，非枳实不能消痞，故枳术丸以之为君。
机曰∶脾恶湿，湿胜则气不得施化，津何由生？故曰∶膀胱者津液之府，气化则能出焉
。用白术以除其湿，则气得周流而津液生矣。
【附方】旧七，新二十四。
枳术丸∶消痞强胃，久服令人食自不停也。白术一两（黄壁土炒过，去土），枳实（麸
炒，去麸）一两。为末，荷叶包饭烧熟，捣和丸梧子大。每服五十丸，白汤下。气滞，加橘
皮一两；有火，加黄连一两；有痰，加半夏一两；有寒，加干姜五钱，木香三钱；有食，加
神曲、麦 各五钱。（《洁古家珍》）
枳术汤∶心下坚大如盘，边如旋杯，水饮所作。寒气不足，则手足厥逆，腹满胁鸣相逐
。阳气不通即身冷，阴气不通即骨疼。阳前通则恶寒，阴前通则痹不仁。阴阳相得，其气乃
行；大气一转，其气乃散。实则失气，虚则遗尿。名曰气分，宜此主之。白术一两，枳实七
个。水五升，煮三升，分三服。腹中软，即散。（仲景《金匮玉函》）
白术膏∶服食滋补，止久泄痢。上好白术十斤，切片，入瓦锅内，水淹过二寸，文武火
煎至一半，倾汁入器内，以渣再煎，如此三次，乃取前后汁同熬成膏，入器中一夜，倾去上
面清水，收之。每服二、三匙，蜜汤调下。（《千金良方》）参术膏∶治一切脾胃虚损，益元
气。白术一斤，人参四两。切片，以流水十五碗浸一夜，桑柴文武火煎取浓汁，熬膏，入炼
蜜收之。每以白汤点服。（《集简方》）胸膈烦闷∶白术末，水服方寸匕。（《千金方》）心下
有水∶白术三两，泽泻五两。水三升，煎一升半，分三服。（《梅师方》）五饮酒癖∶一、
留饮，水停心下；二、癖饮，水在两胁下；三、痰饮，水在胃中；四、溢饮，水在五脏间；
五、流饮，水在肠间。皆因饮食冒寒，或饮茶过多致此。倍术丸∶用白术一斤，干姜（炮）、
桂心各半斤。为末，蜜丸梧子大。每温水服二、三十丸。（《惠民和剂局方》）四肢肿满∶白
术三两。 咀。每服半两，水一盏半，大枣三枚，煎九分，温服，日三、四服，不拘时候。
（
产后中寒，遍身冷直，口噤，不识人∶白术四两，泽泻一两，生姜五钱。水一升，煎服
。（《产宝》）头忽眩运，经久不瘥，四体渐羸，饮食无味，好食黄土∶用术三斤，曲三斤。
捣筛，酒和
湿气作痛∶白术切片，煎汁熬膏，白汤点服。（《集简方》）
中湿骨痛∶术一两，酒三盏，煎一盏，顿服。不饮酒，以水煎之。（《三因良方》）
妇人肌热，血虚者。吃力伽散∶用白术、白茯苓、白芍药各一两，甘草半两。为散。姜、
枣煎服。（王焘《外台秘要》）
风瘙瘾疹∶白术为末，酒服方寸匕，日二服。（《千金方》）
面多 雀卵色∶苦酒渍术，日日拭之。极效。（《肘后方》）
自汗不止∶白术末，饮服方寸匕，日二服。（《千金方》）
脾虚盗汗∶白术四两，切片，以一两同黄 炒，一两同牡蛎炒，一两同石斛炒，一两同
麦麸炒，拣术为末。每服三钱，食远粟米汤下，日三服。（丹溪方）老小虚汗 白术五钱，
小麦一撮。水煮干，去麦为末，用黄 汤下一钱。（《全幼心鉴》）产后呕逆，别无他疾者∶
白术一两二钱，生姜一两五钱。酒、水各二升，煎一升，分三服。（《妇人良方》）脾虚胀满，
脾气不和，冷气客于中，壅遏不通，是为胀满。宽中丸∶用白术二两，橘皮四两。为末，酒
糊丸梧子大。每食前木香汤送下三十丸，效。（《指迷方》）
脾虚泄泻∶白术五钱，白芍药一两，冬月用肉豆蔻（煨）。为末，米饭丸梧子大。每米
饮下
湿泻暑泻∶白术、车前子等分。炒为末，白汤下二、三钱。（《简便方》）
久泻滑肠∶白术（炒）、茯苓各一两，糯米（炒）二两。为末，枣肉拌食，或丸服之。（《简
便方》）
老小滑泻∶白术半斤（黄土炒过），山药四两（炒）。为末，饭丸。量人大小，米汤服。
或加人参三钱。（《濒湖集简方》）
老人常泻∶白术二两（黄土拌蒸，焙干去土），苍术五钱（泔浸炒），茯苓一两。为末，
米糊丸梧子大，每米汤下七、八十丸。（《简便方》）
小儿久泻∶脾虚，米谷不化，不进饮食。温白丸∶用白术（炒）二钱半，半夏曲二钱半，
丁
泻血萎黄∶肠风痔漏，脱肛泻血，面色萎黄，积年不瘥者。白术一斤（黄土炒过，研末），
干地黄半斤。饭上蒸熟，捣和，干则入少酒，丸梧子大。每服十五丸，米饮下，日三服。（
《普济方》）
孕妇束胎∶白术、枳壳（麸炒）等分。为末，烧饭丸梧子大。入月一日，每食前温水下
三十丸。胎瘦，则易产也。（《保命集》）牙齿日长，渐至难食，名髓溢病。白术煎汤，漱服
取效，即愈也。（张锐《鸡峰备急方》）
苍术
【释名】赤术（《别录》）、山精（《抱朴》）、仙术（《纲目》）、山蓟。
时珍曰∶《异术》言∶术者山之精也，服之令人长生辟谷，致神仙，故有山精、仙术之
号。术有赤、白二种，主治虽近，而性味止发不同。本草不分苍、白，亦未可据。今将《本
经》并《别录》、甄权、大明四家所说功用，参考分别，各自附方，庶用户有所依凭。
【修治】大明曰∶用术以米泔浸一宿，入药。
宗 曰∶苍术辛烈，须米泔浸洗，再换泔浸二日，去上粗皮用。
时珍曰∶苍术性燥，故以糯米泔浸去其油，切片，焙干用。亦有用脂麻同炒，以制其
燥者。
【气味】苦，温，无毒。《别录》曰∶甘。权曰∶甘、辛。
时珍曰∶白术，甘而微苦，性温而和；赤术，甘而辛烈，性温而燥，阴中阳也，可升可
降，入足太阴、阳明、手太阴、阳明、太阳之经。忌同白术。
【主治】风寒湿痹，死肌痉疸。作煎饵久服，轻身延年不饥（《本经》）。主头痛，消痰
水，逐皮间风水结肿，除心下急满及霍乱吐下不止，暖胃消谷嗜食（《别录》）。除恶气，弭
灾（弘景）。主大风 痹，心腹胀痛，水肿胀满，除寒热，止呕逆下泄冷痢（甄权）。治筋
骨软弱， 癖气块，妇人冷气症瘕，山岚瘴气温疾（大明）。明目，暖水脏（刘完素）。除湿
发汗，健胃安脾，治痿要药（李杲）。散风益气，总解诸郁（震亨）。治湿痰留饮，或挟瘀血
成窠囊，及脾湿下流，浊沥带下，滑泻肠风（时珍）。
【发明】宗 曰∶苍术，气味辛烈；白术，微辛苦而不烈。古方及《本经》止言术，未
分苍、白。只缘陶隐居言术有两种，自此人多贵白者，往往将苍术置而不用。如古方平胃散
之类，苍术为最要药，功效尤速。殊不详本草原无白术之名。嵇康曰∶闻道人遗言，饵术、
黄精，令人久寿。亦无白字，用宜两审。
杲曰∶本草但言术，不分苍、白。而苍术别有雄壮上行之气，能除湿，下安太阴，使邪
气不传入脾也。以其经泔浸、火炒，故能出汗，与白术止汗特异，用者不可以此代彼。盖有
止、发之殊，其余主治则同。
元素曰∶苍术与白术主治同，但比白术气重而体沉。若除上湿发汗，功最大；若补中焦
，除脾胃湿，力少不如白术。腹中窄狭者，须用之。
震亨曰∶苍术治湿，上、中、下皆有可用。又能总解诸郁。痰、火、湿、食、气、血六
郁，皆因传化失常，不得升降。病在中焦，故药必兼升降。将欲升之，必先降之；将欲降之
，必先升之。故苍术为足阳明经药，气味辛烈，强胃强脾，发谷之气，能径入诸经，疏泄阳
明之湿，通行敛涩。香附乃阴中快气之药，下气最速。一升一降，故郁散而平。杨士瀛曰∶
脾精不禁，小便漏浊淋不止，腰背酸疼，宜用苍术以敛脾精，精生于谷故也。弘景曰∶白术
少膏，可作丸散；赤术多膏，可作煎用。昔刘涓子 取其精而丸之，名守中金丸，可以长生
。颂曰∶服食多单饵术，或合白茯苓，或合石菖蒲，并捣末。旦日水服，晚再进，久久弥
佳。 取生术，去土水浸，再三煎如饴糖，酒调饮之，更善。今茅山所造术煎，是此法也。
陶隐居言取其精丸之，今乃是膏煎，恐非真也。慎微曰∶梁庾肩吾答陶隐居 术煎启云∶绿
叶抽条，紫花标色。百邪外御，六腑内充。山精见书，华神在录。木荣火谢，尽采撷之难；
启旦移申，穷淋漉之剂。又谢术蒸启云∶味重金浆，芳逾玉液。足使坐致延生，伏深铭感。
[Zhilv qie. Listed as Superior Grade in *Shennong Bencao Jing*]
【Names】Shanji (from *Shennong Bencao Jing*), Yangfu (pronounced "Fu"), Fuji (from *Erya*), Maji (from *Bencao Gangmu*), Shanjiang (from *Mingyi Bielu*), Shanlian (from *Mingyi Bielu*), Qilijia (from *Rihua Bencao*). Li Shizhen says: According to *Liushu Benyi*, the seal script character for Zhu resembles the shape of its root, stem, branches, and leaves. *Wu Pu Bencao* calls it one name Shanji, another name Tianji. Because its leaves resemble those of Cirsium japonicum, and its taste resembles that of Zingiber officinale and Brassica juncea. The Western Regions call it Qilijia, hence there is a Qilijia San in *Waitai Mi Yao*. The Yangzhou region mostly cultivates Baizhu, which looks like a drumstick, hence the names Yangfu and Fuji, which is what people now call Wuzhu. Fu is the name for a drumstick. In ancient prescriptions, Cangzhu and Baizhu were used interchangeably. Later generations began to distinguish between Cangzhu and Baizhu; see below for details.
【Collection】*Mingyi Bielu* states: Zhu grows in the valleys of Mount Zheng, Hanzhong, and Nanzheng. Harvest the roots in February, March, August, and September, and dry them in the sun.
Tao Hongjing says: Mount Zheng is Nanzheng. It is found everywhere now, but those from Jiangshan, Baishan, and Maoshan are superior. Those harvested in November and December are good, rich in oil and sweet. Its seedlings can be made into drinks, very fragrant and delicious. There are two types of Zhu: Baizhu has large, hairy, branched leaves, sweet roots with little oil, suitable for making pills and powders; Chizhu (Cangzhu) has fine, unbranched leaves, small bitter roots with much oil, suitable for making decoctions. Zhu from the eastern regions is large but lacks strong aroma and is not usable. What is sold in markets today is coated with rice flour to make it white, which is unnatural; it should be scraped off before use.
Su Song says: Zhu is found everywhere now, but those from Maoshan and Songshan are best. Seedlings emerge in spring, green and unbranched. The stem resembles Artemisia absinthium stalks, greenish-red, growing over two or three chi tall. Flowers bloom in summer, purple-blue, resembling thistle flowers, some yellow-white. Seeds form after the Dog Days, and seedlings wither in autumn. The root resembles ginger but has fine lateral roots, black skin, yellow-white heart, with purple liquid inside. Both dry and fresh roots can be used. Tao Hongjing said there are two types of Zhu; thus, the Fuji mentioned in *Erya* is Baizhu. Currently, Baizhu grows on high hills in Hangzhou, Yuezhou, Shuzhou, and Xuanzhou. Leaves grow opposite each other, hairy on top, square stems, flowers at the stem tip in pale purple, blue, and red hues. Roots branch out. Harvested in February, March, August, and September, dried for use; large pieces with purple flowers are best. Ancient prescriptions used Zhu, all referring to Baizhu.
Kou Zongshi says: Cangzhu is as thick as a thumb, plump, brown skin, pungent and acrid smell, must be soaked and washed in rice water, peeled before use. Baizhu is coarse and short, slightly brown, with a mild bitter-pungent smell, not acrid. Ancient prescriptions and *Shennong Bencao Jing* only mention Zhu, not distinguishing between Cangzhu and Baizhu; careful examination is needed.
Li Shizhen says: Cangzhu is Shanji, found in mountains everywhere. Seedlings grow two to three chi tall, leaves embracing the stem, tips resembling Pyrus betulaefolia leaves, lower leaves having three to five lobes, all with serrated small spines. Roots resemble old ginger, dark black, white flesh with oil. Baizhu is Fuji, found in Wu and Yue regions. People often transplant roots, becoming dense in one year. Tender seedlings are edible, leaves slightly larger and hairy. Roots finger-thick, shaped like drumsticks, some fist-sized. Locals slice and dry them, called Xiaoshu or Pianzhu. Chen Ziliang said: White and fat ones are Zheshu; thin and yellow ones are from Mufu Mountain, inferior in potency. Ancients did not distinguish between red and white Zhu. Since the Song Dynasty, it was stated that Cangzhu is bitter-pungent and acrid, while Baizhu is bitter-sweet and mild, each used separately, which makes sense. Autumn harvest is best; spring harvest is soft and prone to spoilage. Ji Han's *Nanfang Caomu Zhuang* says: Medicine includes Qilijia, which is Zhu. Produced near the sea, single roots can weigh several jin, excellent for consumption. Jiamo said: Zheshu, commonly known as Yuntoushu, planted in flat soil, quite plump due to fertilizer, easily oily. Shexian-produced Zhu, commonly known as Goutoushu, though thin and small, possesses abundant earth qi, very drying and white, superior to Zheshu. Ningguo, Changhua, and Chizhou produced Zhu are similar to Shexian Zhu due to adjacent borders.
Zhu (referring to Baizhu)
【Flavor and Nature】Sweet, warm, non-toxic. *Mingyi Bielu* says: Sweet. Quan says: Sweet, pungent.
Zhang Yuansu says: Bitter and sweet, warm nature, strong flavor and weak aroma, yang within yin, capable of ascending and descending.
Li Dongyuan says: Enters the Hand Taiyang, Shaoyin, Foot Taiyin, Yangming, Shaoyin, and Jueyin meridians.
Xu Zhicai says: Fangfeng and Diyuyu act as guides.
Quan says: Avoid peaches, plums, pak choi, sparrow meat, and green fish.
Jiamo says: Chewed and moistened with human milk to moderate its nature. For spleen disease, stir-fried with aged wall earth to borrow earth qi to assist the spleen.
【Indications】Wind-cold-damp bi obstruction, necrotic muscle, spasms, jaundice, stops sweating, removes heat, aids digestion. Made into decoctions or pastes, long-term use lightens the body, prolongs life, and prevents hunger (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). Mainly treats wind affecting the face and body, vertigo due to wind, headache, tearing, resolves phlegm-fluids, expels wind-water swelling in the skin, removes urgency and fullness in the epigastrium, stops persistent vomiting and diarrhea from cholera-like disorders, promotes blood flow in the waist and umbilicus, benefits fluids, warms the stomach, aids digestion and appetite (*Mingyi Bielu*). Treats epigastric and abdominal fullness, cold pain in the abdomen, deficiency diarrhea due to stomach weakness, chronic qi-type dysentery, removes chills and fever, stops vomiting and reflux (Quan). Stops reverse regurgitation, promotes urination, treats five exhaustion and seven injuries, supplements waist and knees, promotes muscle growth, treats cold qi, masses, and cold gynecological masses (Meng Shen). Removes dampness, benefits qi, harmonizes the middle and tonifies yang, resolves phlegm and expels fluids, generates fluids and quenches thirst, stops dysentery, reduces damp swelling in shins and calves, removes heat in the stomach and muscles. Combined with Zhishi, resolves stagnation and qi fullness; assisted by Huangqin, calms the fetus and clears heat (Zhang Yuansu). Regulates the stomach and benefits the spleen, supplements liver wind deficiency, treats stiff tongue base, vomiting upon eating, epigastric pain, heavy body, urgent pain in the epigastrium, fluid retention in the heart. Diseases of the Chong vessel, rebellious qi and internal urgency, umbilical abdominal pain (Li Dongyuan).
【Elucidation】Li Dongyuan says: The Materia Medica does not name Cangzhu and Baizhu separately. Recently, Baizhu is mostly used to treat wind in the skin, stop sweating, resolve stagnation, tonify the stomach and harmonize qi. It stops sweating when present, functioning similarly to Huangqi.
Zhang Yuansu says: Baizhu removes dampness and benefits dryness, harmonizes the middle and tonifies qi. Its uses are ninefold: warming the middle, one; removing dampness from the spleen and stomach, two; clearing heat from the stomach, three; strengthening the spleen and stomach and promoting intake of food, four; harmonizing the stomach and generating fluids, five; stopping muscle heat, six; treating fatigue in limbs, lethargy, inability to open eyes, and lack of appetite, seven; quenching thirst, eight; calming the fetus, nine. Whenever the middle jiao cannot handle dampness and leads to diarrhea, Baizhu must be used to expel water and benefit the spleen. Only Baizhu can remove dampness; only Zhishi can resolve stagnation; thus, they are the sovereign herbs in Zhizhu Wan.
Zhu Zhenheng says: The spleen dislikes dampness. When dampness prevails, qi cannot transform, so how can fluids be generated? It is said: The bladder is the reservoir of fluids; only through qi transformation can they be excreted. Using Baizhu to remove dampness allows qi to circulate freely and fluids to be generated.
【Attached Prescriptions】Seven old, twenty-four new.
Zhizhu Wan: Resolves stagnation and strengthens the stomach; long-term use ensures continuous appetite. Baizhu 1 liang (stir-fried with yellow wall earth, remove earth), Zhishi 1 liang (bran-stir-fried, remove bran). Grind into powder, wrap in lotus leaf with cooked rice, mash and mix into pills the size of wutong seeds. Take 50 pills each time with plain boiled water. For qi stagnation, add Chenpi 1 liang; for fire, add Huanglian 1 liang; for phlegm, add Banxia 1 liang; for cold, add Ganjiang 5 qian, Muxiang 3 qian; for food stagnation, add Shenqu and Maiya 5 qian each. (*Jieguzhen*)
Zhizhu Tang: Epigastric hardness large as a plate, edges like an inverted cup, caused by fluid retention. Insufficiency of cold qi causes cold extremities, abdominal fullness, and borborygmus in hypochondrium. Blockage of yang qi causes cold body; blockage of yin qi causes bone pain. Premature flow of yang causes aversion to cold; premature flow of yin causes numbness. When yin and yang interact, qi flows; when great qi rotates, stagnation disperses. Excess leads to flatus; deficiency leads to enuresis. Named Qi Fen, this prescription is indicated. Baizhu 1 liang, Zhishi 7 pieces. Water 5 sheng, boil to 3 sheng, divide into three doses. When the abdomen becomes soft, the condition disperses. (Zhang Zhongjing, *Jingui Yufan*)
Baizhu Gao: Nourishing tonic, stops chronic diarrhea and dysentery. Select high-quality Baizhu 10 jin, slice, place in a clay pot, cover with water by 2 cun, simmer gently until half remains. Pour juice into a container, re-boil dregs, repeat three times. Combine juices and boil into a paste, leave overnight, discard clear water on top, collect. Take 2-3 spoons each time, mixed with honey water. (*Qianjin Liangfang*)
Shenzhu Gao: Treats all spleen and stomach deficiencies, benefits primordial qi. Baizhu 1 jin, Renshen 4 liang. Slice, soak in flowing water for 15 bowls overnight, boil with mulberry wood fire to extract thick juice, reduce to paste, add refined honey. Take with plain boiled water. (*Jijianfang*)
Epigastric distress: Baizhu powder, take with water, 1 fangcun bi. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Fluid under the heart: Baizhu 3 liang, Zexie 5 liang. Water 3 sheng, boil to 1.5 sheng, divide into three doses. (*Meishi Fang*)
Five types of alcohol-induced masses: 1. Liuyin, water stagnant under the heart; 2. Piyin, water under both hypochondria; 3. Tanyin, water in the stomach; 4. Yiyin, water among the five zang organs; 5. Liuyin, water in the intestines. All caused by dietary exposure to cold or excessive tea drinking. Beishu Wan: Use Baizhu 1 jin, Ganjiang (roasted) and Guixin 0.5 jin each. Grind into powder, honey pills size of wutong seeds. Take 20-30 pills with warm water each time. (*Huimin Heji Jufang*)
Swelling and fullness of limbs: Baizhu 3 liang. Chewed. Take 0.5 liang each time with 1.5 cups of water and 3 dates, boil to 90%, take warm, 3-4 times a day, any time. (Postpartum cold invasion, whole body cold and stiff, locked jaw, unconscious: Baizhu 4 liang, Zexie 1 liang, Shengjiang 5 qian. Water 1 sheng, boil and take. (*Chanbao*))
Sudden dizziness persisting for a long time, gradual emaciation of limbs, loss of taste, craving for loess: Use Zhu 3 jin, Qu 3 jin. Pound and sieve, mix with wine.
Pain due to dampness: Slice Baizhu, decoct juice, reduce to paste, take with plain boiled water. (*Jijianfang*)
Bone pain due to dampness: Zhu 1 liang, wine 3 cups, boil to 1 cup, take at once. If unable to drink wine, decoct with water. (*San Yin Liangfang*)
For women with muscle heat and blood deficiency. Qilijia San: Use Baizhu, Baifuling, Baishaoyao 1 liang each, Gancao 0.5 liang. Make into powder. Decoct with ginger and jujube. (Wang Tao, *Waitai Mi Yao*)
Itchy wheals: Baizhu powder, take with wine, 1 fangcun bi, twice daily. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Face with sparrow egg spots: Soak Zhu in vinegar, wipe daily. Very effective. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
Persistent spontaneous sweating: Baizhu powder, take with drink, 1 fangcun bi, twice daily. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Spleen deficiency night sweating: Baizhu 4 liang, slice. Stir-fry 1 liang with Huangqi, 1 liang with Mumli, 1 liang with Shihu, 1 liang with wheat bran. Pick out Zhu, grind to powder. Take 3 qian each time, with millet soup far from meals, three times daily. (Danxi Formula)
Deficient sweating in old and young: Baizhu 5 qian, Xiaomai a pinch. Boil in water until dry, remove wheat, grind to powder. Take 1 qian with Huangqi decoction. (*Quanyou Xinjian*)
Postpartum vomiting without other diseases: Baizhu 1.2 liang, Shengjiang 1.5 liang. Wine and water 2 sheng each, boil to 1 sheng, divide into three doses. (*Furen Liangfang*)
Spleen deficiency fullness, spleen qi disharmony, cold qi lodging in the middle, blocking flow, causing fullness. Kuanzhong Wan: Use Baizhu 2 liang, Chenpi 4 liang. Grind into powder, pill with wine paste size of wutong seeds. Take 30 pills with Muxiang decoction before meals. Effective. (*Zhimi Fang*)
Spleen deficiency diarrhea: Baizhu 5 qian, Baishaoyao 1 liang, Rou Doukou (roasted) in winter. Grind into powder, pill with rice paste size of wutong seeds. Take with rice drink.
Damp and summerheat diarrhea: Baizhu and Cheqianzi equal parts. Stir-fry, grind to powder, take 2-3 qian with plain boiled water. (*Jianbian Fang*)
Chronic diarrhea with loose bowels: Baizhu (stir-fried), Fuling 1 liang each, Nuomi (stir-fried) 2 liang. Grind into powder, mix with date paste for eating, or pill and take. (*Jianbian Fang*)
Loose diarrhea in old and young: Baizhu 0.5 jin (stir-fried with yellow earth), Shanyao 4 liang (stir-fried). Grind into powder, pill with rice paste. Dosage according to age, take with rice soup. Can add Renshen 3 qian. (*Binhu Jijianfang*)
Elderly frequent diarrhea: Baizhu 2 liang (steamed with yellow earth, dried, remove earth), Cangzhu 5 qian (soaked in rice water, stir-fried), Fuling 1 liang. Grind into powder, pill with rice paste size of wutong seeds, take 70-80 pills with rice soup. (*Jianbian Fang*)
Children's chronic diarrhea: Spleen deficiency, undigested grain, poor appetite. Wenbai Wan: Use Baizhu (stir-fried) 2.5 qian, Banxiaqu 2.5 qian, Dingxiang...
Blood discharge and sallow complexion: Intestinal wind, hemorrhoids, rectal prolapse with bleeding, sallow complexion, chronic non-healing. Baizhu 1 jin (stir-fried with yellow earth, ground), Dihuang 0.5 jin. Steam over rice until cooked, mash together, add little wine if too dry, pill size of wutong seeds. Take 15 pills each time with rice drink, three times daily. (*Puji Fang*)
Pregnant women to bind fetus: Baizhu and Zhike (bran-stir-fried) equal parts. Grind into powder, pill with cooked rice size of wutong seeds. From the first month, take 30 pills with warm water before meals. Thin fetus facilitates delivery. (*Baoming Ji*)
Teeth growing daily, gradually difficult to eat, named Suibi disease. Decoct Baizhu, rinse and swallow for effect, heals immediately. (Zhang Rui, *Jifeng Beijifang*)
Cangzhu
【Names】Chizhu (*Mingyi Bielu*), Shanjing (*Baopuzi*), Xianshu (*Bencao Gangmu*), Shanji.
Li Shizhen says: *Yishu* states: Zhu is the essence of the mountain; taking it allows longevity and grain avoidance, leading to immortality, hence the names Shanjing and Xianshu. Zhu has red and white varieties. While indications are similar, their properties and flavors regarding stopping/sweating differ. The Materia Medica does not distinguish Cangzhu and Baizhu, which is unreliable. Now, referencing the functions described in *Shennong Bencao Jing*, *Mingyi Bielu*, Quan, and Dasheng, I have analyzed and separated them, attaching respective prescriptions for user reference.
【Processing】Dasheng says: Soak Zhu in rice water overnight for medicinal use.
Kou Zongshi says: Cangzhu is pungent and acrid; must be soaked and washed in rice water, change rice water and soak for two days, remove rough skin before use.
Li Shizhen says: Cangzhu is drying in nature, so soak in sticky rice rice water to remove oil, slice, and bake dry for use. Some stir-fry with sesame seeds to moderate its dryness.
【Flavor and Nature】Bitter, warm, non-toxic. *Mingyi Bielu* says: Sweet. Quan says: Sweet, pungent.
Li Shizhen says: Baizhu is sweet with slight bitterness, warm and mild; Chizhu is sweet, pungent and acrid, warm and drying, yang within yin, capable of ascending and descending, enters the Foot Taiyin, Yangming, Hand Taiyin, Yangming, and Taiyang meridians. Contraindicated to be used together with Baizhu.
【Indications】Wind-cold-damp bi obstruction, necrotic muscle, spasms, jaundice. Made into decoctions or pastes, long-term use lightens the body, prolongs life, and prevents hunger (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). Mainly treats headache, resolves phlegm-fluids, expels wind-water swelling in the skin, removes urgency and fullness in the epigastrium and persistent vomiting/diarrhea from cholera-like disorders, warms the stomach, aids digestion and appetite (*Mingyi Bielu*). Eliminates evil qi, averts disaster (Tao Hongjing). Mainly treats severe wind-bi, epigastric and abdominal pain, edema and fullness, removes chills and fever, stops vomiting and cold dysentery (Quan). Treats weak sinews and bones, masses, cold gynecological masses, and miasma fevers (Dasheng). Brightens eyes, warms the water organ (Liu Wansu). Removes dampness and induces sweating, strengthens the stomach and stabilizes the spleen, essential herb for treating flaccidity syndromes (Li Gao). Disperses wind and benefits qi, resolves all depressions (Zhenheng). Treats damp-phlegm and retained fluids, or phlegm combined with blood stasis forming cysts, and spleen dampness flowing downward causing turbid leukorrhea and slippery diarrhea with intestinal wind (Li Shizhen).
【Elucidation】Kou Zongshi says: Cangzhu has a pungent and acrid flavor; Baizhu is mildly bitter-pungent but not acrid. Ancient prescriptions and *Shennong Bencao Jing* only mention Zhu, not distinguishing Cang and Bai. Because Tao Hongjing said there are two types, people later valued Baizhu, often discarding Cangzhu. In ancient prescriptions like Pingwei San, Cangzhu is the most important herb, with rapid efficacy. This overlooks that the original Materia Medica had no name for Baizhu. Ji Kang said: Heard the Daoist's last words, taking Zhu and Huangjing prolongs life. There is no "white" character; usage should be carefully considered.
Li Gao says: The Materia Medica only mentions Zhu, not distinguishing Cang and Bai. However, Cangzhu has a vigorous ascending qi, able to remove dampness, stabilize the Taiyin below, preventing pathogenic qi from entering the spleen. Because it is soaked in rice water and stir-fried, it induces sweating, distinct from Baizhu's ability to stop sweating. Users should not substitute one for the other. They differ in stopping vs. inducing sweat, but other indications are the same.
Zhang Yuansu says: Cangzhu and Baizhu have similar indications, but Cangzhu is heavier and denser in qi and body. For removing upper dampness and inducing sweating, its merit is greatest; for tonifying the middle jiao and removing spleen/stomach dampness, its power is less than Baizhu. It is necessary for those with a narrow sensation in the abdomen.
Zhenheng says: Cangzhu treats dampness, applicable to upper, middle, and lower jiao. It also resolves all depressions. Phlegm, fire, damp, food, qi, and blood depressions all result from abnormal transmission and transformation, failing to ascend and descend. Disease in the middle jiao requires herbs that both ascend and descend. To ascend, one must first descend; to descend, one must first ascend. Thus, Cangzhu is a herb for the Foot Yangming meridian, pungent and acrid, strengthening stomach and spleen, releasing grain qi, entering various meridians directly, venting Yangming dampness, and promoting circulation and astringency. Xiangfu is a qi-moving herb within yin, descending qi fastest. One ascends, one descends, thus depression disperses and balances. Yang Shiying said: Uncontrolled spleen essence, leakage of turbid urine, continuous strangury, backache, should use Cangzhu to consolidate spleen essence, as essence is born from grain. Tao Hongjing said: Baizhu has little oil, suitable for pills and powders; Chizhu has much oil, suitable for decoctions. Liu Juanzi once extracted its essence to make pills, named Shouzhong Jin Wan, for longevity. Su Song said: For nourishment, often take Zhu alone, or combined with Baifuling or Shichangpu, grind to powder. Take with water in the morning, again in the evening; long-term use is better. Take raw Zhu, remove earth, soak in water, decoct repeatedly like maltose syrup, take with wine, even better. The current Zhu Jian made at Maoshan follows this method. Tao Hongjing said extracting essence for pills, but now it is a paste decoction, likely not authentic. Shenwei said: Yu Jianwu of Liang replied to Tao Hongjing's letter on Zhu Jian: Green leaves sprout, purple flowers mark color. Defending against hundred evils outside, filling six fu organs inside. Mountain spirit seen in books, Hua god recorded in lists. Wood flourishes, fire fades, hard to gather all; from dawn to afternoon, exhausting filtering agents. Also thanking Zhu steaming letter: Taste surpasses golden nectar, fragrance exceeds jade liquid. Enough to achieve longevity sitting still, deeply grateful.