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Li Shizhen stated: The stones listed as "having names but undefined uses" in the *Bie Lu* (Classic of Famous Physicians' Supplementary Records), as well as those described by various authors without sufficient detail and difficult to categorize, are appended here collectively.

**Shipi (Stone Spleen)** The *Bie Lu* lists it under "having names but undefined uses": It is sweet in taste and non-toxic. It treats cold-heat in the stomach, tonifies Qi, and promotes fertility. It is also known as Weishi (Stomach Stone), Gaoshi (Paste Stone), or Xiaoshi (Niter Stone). It grows among rocks in the valleys of Yin Fan, black like soybeans, with red veins, slightly yellow in color, and thin and light like chess pieces. It can be harvested at any time.

Tao Hongjing said: Huangfu Mi stated that Niter is obtained by boiling Shipi together with Niter in water; from one hu (an ancient unit of volume), three dou are yielded. It is pure white like snow and dissolves immediately upon contact with water, hence the name Xiaoshi (Dissolving Stone). According to this description, true Niter is formed by boiling other substances together, leaving the nature of Shipi unknown. Although Shiben and Shipfei appear in materia medica, no one recognizes them.

Zang Qi said: Shipi grows in the saline lands of Western Regions and is formed by the crystallization of alkaline water.

Li Shizhen said: Shipi is naturally formed, whereas what Tao Hongjing described is artificially manufactured. According to the *Jiuding Shendan Jing* (Scripture of the Nine Cauldrons Divine Elixir): Shipi is the essence of Yin and Yang qi and the five salts, formed through alum. It is abundant in Mount Emei. Since common people do not recognize it, ancients manufactured substitutes. The method is as follows: Grind one jin each of Bai Fan (Alumen) and Rong Yan (Roc Salt) into powder. Take two sheng of Shenqu water (water infused with Sophora flavescens root), boil in a pan for five boils, add the two powders, and simmer until reduced by half. Strain and dry until white as snow; this is Shipi. To make Niter: Mix one jin each of Shipi, Puxiao (Mirabilite), and Mangxiao (Glauber's Salt) into powder. Add two dou of Sophora flavescens water, boil in a copper pan for ten boils, reduce by half, strain, and further concentrate. Pour into a vessel and soak in cold water overnight to form Niter. This substance can dissolve other stones into water. It differs from Yan Xiao (Saltpeter/Niter used in fireworks) and neither is the true mineral Niter.

**Shipfei (Stone Lung)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is pungent in taste and non-toxic. It treats chronic leprosy cough, cold atrophy, tonifies Qi, and brightens the eyes. It grows in water, resembling an inverted lung, black and glossy with red veins, drying instantly upon exposure to air.

Tao Hongjing said: Floating stone (Fushí) today also treats coughs; it resembles a lung but lacks the black gloss, so it is not this Shipfei.

**Shigan (Stone Liver)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is sour in taste and non-toxic. It treats body itching and enhances complexion. It grows in Changshan and resembles the liver in color.

**Shishen (Stone Kidney)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is salty in taste and non-toxic. It treats diarrhea and dysentery. It is white like pearls.

**Zishi Hua (Purple Stone Flower)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is sweet in taste, neutral in nature, and non-toxic. It treats thirst and clears heat from the small intestine. Also known as Cishi Hua. It grows on the north slope of Mount Zhongmu and can be harvested at any time.

**Baishi Hua (White Stone Flower)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is pungent in taste and non-toxic. It treats jaundice with polydipsia and bladder heat. It grows in Bei Yi Mountain, Xibei Township, and can be harvested at any time.

**Huangshi Hua (Yellow Stone Flower)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is sweet in taste and non-toxic. It treats impotence with polydipsia, heat in the diaphragm, and eliminates hundred toxins. It grows in Yubei Mountain, is yellow in color, and can be harvested at any time.

**Heishi Hua (Black Stone Flower)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is sweet in taste and non-toxic. It treats impotence with polydipsia, clears heat, and regulates menstruation. It grows among rocks on the north slope of Fuqilao Mountain and can be harvested at any time.

**Lingshi (Mound Stone)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is sweet in taste and non-toxic. It tonifies Qi, enhances cold resistance, lightens the body, and prolongs life. It grows in Mount Hua, appearing thin and glossy.

Li Shizhen said: According to the *Shengji Zonglu* (General Record of Holy Relief): For deafness after sweating, use Lingshi with pores resembling silver eyes, grind into powder. Take one qian per dose, swallowed with cold water.

**Zhongshi (Final Stone)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is pungent in taste and non-toxic. It treats impotence and numbness, difficult urination, and benefits Essence and Qi. It grows in Lingyin and can be harvested at any time.

**Fengshi (Sealed Stone)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is sweet in taste and non-toxic. It treats internal heat with polydipsia and female carbuncles/ulcers. It grows in Changshan and Shaoshi Mountain and can be harvested at any time.

Li Shizhen said: Huwei Mountain, Youxi Mountain, Yinghou Mountain, Feng Mountain, and Fu Mountain are rich in Fengshi, which is this stone.

**Suishi (Swift Stone)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is sweet in taste and non-toxic. It treats injury to the middle jiao by polydipsia and tonifies Qi. It grows on the north slope of Mount Tai and can be harvested at any time.

**Wuyushi (Five-Feather Stone)** The *Bie Lu* states: It treats lightening of the body and prolongation of life. Also known as Jinhuang (Golden Yellow). It grows in Pengjia Mountains within the sea, yellow like gold.

**Zijiashi (Purple Jia Stone)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is sour in taste and non-toxic. It treats bi-syndrome involving blood and Qi. Also known as Chiying (Red Hero) or Shixue (Stone Blood). It grows in Handan; the stone resembles Zijui (a purple herb/mineral) and is harvested in the second lunar month.

Tao Hongjing said: The *Sanshiliu Shui Fang* (Thirty-Six Water Formulas) calls it Zihe Shi.

**Huoyao (Gunpowder)** (From *Bencao Gangmu*) Li Shizhen said: It is pungent and sour in taste, with slight toxicity. It treats sores, tinea, parasites, and damp-warm epidemic diseases. It is a mixture of Yan Xiao (Potassium Nitrate), Huanghuang (Sulfur), and Shanmutan (Fir Charcoal), used for beacon fires, cannons, and other military applications.

**Shi (Stone)** The *Bie Lu* states: It is sweet in taste and non-toxic. It treats rebellious Qi causing cough. It grows among rocks, red like iron rust, harvested in April.

**Maganshi (Horse Liver Stone)** (From *Bencao Gangmu*) Li Shizhen said: According to Guo Xian's *Dongming Ji* (Records of Mysteries Beyond the World): The country of Zhizhi presented one hundred slices of Horse Liver Stone. They were dark green-black like horse liver and stored in gold boxes filled with mercury. Rubbing white hair with it turns it black instantly. Swallowing one pill of Yunhe Jiuzhuan Dan prevents hunger for a year. It can also be used to make inkstones.

**Zhuyashi (Pig Tooth Stone)** (From *Bencao Gangmu*) Li Shizhen said: It brightens the eyes and removes nebulae. It originates from Xifan (Western Regions). Its texture resembles ivory, and its color is date-red.

**Bixiashi (Green Cloud Stone)** (From *Bencao Gangmu*) Li Shizhen said: It brightens the eyes and removes visual obstructions.

**Longxianshi (Dragon Saliva Stone)** (From *Bencao Gangmu*) Li Shizhen said: It treats severe wind-leprosy sores. It originates from Qizhou. Also known as Longxian Shi (Dragon Immortal Stone).

**Qianguangshi (Lead Light Stone)** (From *Bencao Gangmu*) Li Shizhen said: It treats fishbones stuck in the throat.

**Taiyangshi (Sun Stone)** (From *Bencao Gangmu*) Li Shizhen said: Liu Shouzhen's *Xuanming Fang*: A formula for treating all eye diseases, recent or chronic, uses Taiyang Shi, Taiyin Shi, Bixia Shi, Zhuya Shi, Heluo Shi, Hanshui Shi, Zhi Yingshi, Daizhe Shi, Pusai Shi, Jingjin Shi, Jingyin Shi, Yuyushi, Fankuang Shi, Yunmu Shi, Lugan Shi, Jingquan Shi, Yangqi Shi, Huashi, Oubiegu, Qingyan, Tongqing, each one liang; Ban Sha half liang, Miduoseng one liang, Pengsha three qian, Ruxiang two qian, Shexiang and Naobao (Camphor) one qian, Qingfen one and a half qian, Huangdan four liang. All are ground into powder. One jin of Xiongdan (Bear Gallbladder), two jin of Baisha Mi (White Sand Honey), and nine bowls of Jinghua Shui (Well Water drawn at dawn) are boiled together until reduced to four bowls. The consistency is tested by dropping into water without dispersing. Filter and store for eye drops. Many stones used in this formula, such as Taiyang Shi and Taiyin Shi, lack verification and are appended here provisionally.

**Duotiya (Turmeric/Tutia?)** (From *Bencao Gangmu*) Li Shizhen said: Zhou Dingwang's *Puji Fang*: For removing eye nebulae, use water-pulverized Duotiya, Huo Dahailuo (Fire Giant Sea Snail), and Wantangshuang (Bowl Sugar Frost), ground into powder, applied daily. Another formula: Use Keteci one qian, Afeyong one qian, Lizishujiao (Plum Tree Gum) four qian, Baixuefen eight qian, ground into powder, mixed with egg white to form pellets. Grind with breast milk of a nursing infant and apply daily. Another formula: Anzalu (from Huihui lands), Heidingxiang (Civet Musk/Wax Dung), Hai Piaoxiao (Cuttlebone), each ground into powder, applied daily. The identities of Duotiya, Wantangshuang, Anzalu, Keteci, and Afeyong are unknown. They are appended here for future clarification.

**Baishizishi (White Lion Stone)** (From *Bencao Shiyi*) Zang Qi said: It treats Baihu Bing (White Tiger Disease), known in Jiangdong as Liejie Feng (Joint Wind/Gout). Placing this stone before the patient leads to spontaneous recovery, reflecting the intent of apotropaic suppression. Baihu is the name of a dung spirit, resembling a cat. Sweeping dung near the door causes this disease. Treatment: Rub the painful area with an egg, recite incantations, and place the egg on top of a dung pile without looking back.

**Zhenzhai Dashí (House-Suppressing Large Stone)** (From *Bencao Shiyi*) Zang Qi said: It prevents disasters. The *Jingchu Suishiji* (Chronicles of Jingchu Festivals): On the last day of the twelfth lunar month, dig holes at the four corners of the house and bury a large stone in each to suppress the dwelling. The *Hongbao Wanbi Shu* also states: Bury round stones at the four corners of the house and beat seven peach pits, rendering ghosts powerless to cause harm.

**Shendan (Divine Elixir)** (From *Bencao Shiyi*) Zang Qi said: It is pungent in taste, warm in nature, with slight toxicity. It treats myriad diseases and balances cold and heat. It is synthesized from calcined minerals and various herbs; ingestion grants longevity and immortality.

**Yanyao (Smoke Medicine)** (From *Bencao Shiyi*) Zang Qi said: It is pungent in taste, warm in nature, and toxic. It treats scrofula, five types of hemorrhoids, goiters, and malignant swelling at sore roots. It consists of Shihuang (Realgar?), Kongqing (Azurite), Guixin (Cinnamon Twig), each four liang, and Ganjiang (Dried Ginger) one liang. Ground into powder, placed on an iron sheet, and burned. Cover with a bowl coated in lard. Wait for the sublimated medicine to deposit inside. Repeat this process five times. Depending on the size of the sore, insert a pellet the size of a rat droppings into the opening, seal the face, and repeat three times to eradicate the root. If there is no opening, pierce it with a needle first.