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(Yin yong. From *Bencao Shiyi* [Supplement to Materia Medica]).
[Names] Yu (Yin qiu. From *Shanhaijing* [Classic of Mountains and Seas]).
Li Shizhen said: This is a lower-grade fish, likely because it is an ordinary fish commonly used for food, hence called Yu and Yu.
[Collected Explanations] Su Song (courtesy name Zirong, pseudonym Cangqi) said: Tao Hongjing, in his commentary on Bao Yu [salted fish], mentioned: Nowadays, Yu fish about one chi long are made into complete dried salted fish. There is a bone named Yi; as stated in the *Book of Rites*, "when eating fish, remove the Yi," referring to this. However, Liu Yuanzhao said: The Yu fish from the sea has the same foul odor.
Li Shizhen said: It is found in rivers and lakes everywhere. Its shape resembles that of the Silver Carp (Lian) but is black in color. Its head is the largest, weighing up to forty or fifty jin. Its taste is slightly inferior to that of the Silver Carp. The delicacy of the Silver Carp lies in its belly, while the delicacy of the Yu fish lies in its head. Some people mistake the Silver Carp and the Yu fish for the same species, which is incorrect. Their head sizes and colors (black vs. white) differ significantly. The *Shanhaijing* states: The Yu fish resembles the Common Carp, has a large head, and consuming it can cure flesh ailments/toxins.

[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
Su Song said: It is only suitable for consumption and has no other medicinal functions.
[Indications] Warms the stomach and benefits the person (Wang Ying). Consuming it can treat warts. Overconsumion may trigger wind-heat pathologies.

(From *Bencao Gangmu*)
[Names] Zun (Bi), Chiyan Yu [Red-eyed Fish].
Li Shizhen said: The *Shuowen Jiezi* states: Zun ( ), is a red-eyed fish. Sun Mian derived the pronunciation from 'Bi'.
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen said: It is found everywhere. Its shape resembles the Yu fish but is smaller, with red veins running through its body. It likes to eat snails and clams and is good at evading fishing nets.

[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Warms the stomach and harmonizes the middle jiao. Overconsumption may trigger wind-heat pathologies and induce scabies and tinea (Li Shizhen).

(Yin huan. From *Bencao Shiyi*).
[Names] Huan (Yin huan). Caoyu [Grass Carp].
Li Shizhen said: Huan is also pronounced Hun; Guo Pu wrote it as . Its nature is slow and gentle, hence called Huan and . Fish farmers in Fujian feed it grass.
[Collected Explanations] Su Song said: Huan lives in rivers and lakes and resembles the Common Carp.
Li Shizhen said: Guo Pu said: The current Huanzi resembles the Zun fish but is larger, which is correct. Its body is long and round, with dense and loose meat, resembling the Black Carp. There are two colors: Qinghuan [Black Grass Carp] and Baihuan [White Grass Carp]. The white ones taste better, and merchants mostly purchase them.

[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
Li Shizhen said: Li Pengfei stated: It can trigger various sores.
[Indications] Warms the stomach and harmonizes the middle jiao (Li Shizhen).
Gallbladder (Collected in the twelfth lunar month and dried in the shade).
[Properties and Flavor] Bitter, cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Treats Houbi [throat obstruction] and Feishi [flying corpse disease]; take mixed with warm water (Su Song). For any bone splinters or bamboo/wood thorns stuck in the throat, dissolve two pills in wine, drink them warm slowly to induce vomiting (Li Shizhen).