（《纲目》）
【释名】 羊（音烦）、茧耳羊。
时珍曰∶羊腹带黄，故名。或云幼稚曰黄，此羊肥小故也。《尔雅》
谓之 ，出西番也。其耳甚小，西人谓之茧耳。
【集解】时珍曰∶黄羊出关西、西番及桂林诸处。有四种，状与羊同，但低小细肋，腹
下带黄色，角似 羊，喜卧沙地。生沙漠，能走善卧，独居而尾
内，或群至数十者，名曰黄羊。生临洮诸处，甚大而尾似獐、鹿者，名洮羊。其皮皆可为衾
褥。出南方桂林者，则深褐色，黑脊白斑，与鹿相近也。
肉
【气味】甘，温，无毒。《正要》云∶煮汤少味。脑不可食。
【主治】补中益气，治劳伤虚寒（时珍）。出《正要》
髓
【主治】补益功同羊髓（《正要》）。
（《本经》中品）
【校正】《别录》上品牛乳，《拾遗》犊脐屎，今并为一。
【释名】时珍曰∶按许慎云∶牛，件也。牛为大牲，可以件事分理也。其文象角头三、
封及尾之形。《周礼》谓之大牢，牢乃豢畜之室，牛牢大，羊牢小，故
之一元大武。元，头也。武，足迹也。牛肥则迹大。犹《史记》称牛为
头之义。《梵书》谓之瞿摩帝。牛之牡者曰牯，曰特，曰
曰，北牛曰 。纯色曰牺，黑曰 ，白曰KT ，赤曰 ，驳曰犁。去势曰犍，又曰 。
无角曰KT 。子曰犊，生二岁曰
【集解】藏器曰∶牛有数种，《本经》不言黄牛、乌牛、水牛，但言牛尔。南人以水牛
为牛，北人以黄牛、乌牛为牛。牛种既殊，入用当别。
时珍曰∶牛有 牛、水牛二种。 牛小而水牛大。
水牛色青苍，大腹锐头，其状
谓之周留牛。又广南有稷牛，
是也。牛齿有
接脊骨一节也
叶曰 ，角胎曰 ，鼻木曰 ，嚼草复出曰 ，腹草未化曰圣齑。牛在畜属土，在卦属坤，
土缓而和，其性顺也。《造化权舆》云∶干阳为马，坤阴为牛，故马蹄圆，牛蹄坼。马病则
卧，阴胜也；牛病则立，阳胜也。马起先前足，卧先后足，从阳也；牛起先后足，卧先前足，
从阴也。独以干健坤顺
黄牛肉
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
弘景曰∶ 牛惟胜，青牛为良，水牛惟可充食。
动病，不如水牛。
诜曰∶黄牛动病，黑牛尤不可食。牛者稼穑之资，不可多杀。若自死者，血脉已绝
髓已竭，不可食之。
藏器曰∶牛病死者，发痼疾 癖，令人洞下疰病。黑牛白头者不可食。独肝者有大毒
，令人痢血至死。北人牛瘦，多以蛇从鼻灌之，故肝独也。水牛则无之。
啖蛇牛，毛发向后顺者是也。人乳可解其毒。《内
有大毒，令人生疔暴亡。《食经》云∶牛自死
牛肉，合猪肉及黍米酒食，并生寸白虫；合韭
入杏仁、芦叶易烂，相宜。
诜曰∶恶马食牛肉即驯，亦物性也。
【主治】安中益气，养脾胃（《别录》）。补益腰脚，止消渴及唾涎（孙思邈）。
【发明】时珍曰∶韩 言∶牛肉补气，与黄 同功。观丹溪朱氏“倒
类，
则牛之补土，可心解矣。今天下日用之物，虽严法不能禁，亦因肉甘
震亨《倒仓论》曰∶肠胃为积谷之室，故谓之仓。倒者，推陈以致新
能自运。七情五味，有伤中宫，停痰积血，互相缠纠。发为瘫痪，为
质，为窠为臼，以生百病而中宫愆和，自非丸散所能去也。此方出
肥牡牛肉二十斤，长流水煮成糜，去滓滤取液，再熬成琥珀色收之。每饮一钟，随饮至数十
钟，寒月温饮。病在上则令吐，在下则令利，在中则令吐而利，在人活变。吐利后渴，即服
其小便一二碗，亦可荡涤余垢。睡二日，乃食淡粥。养半月，即精神强健
五年忌牛肉。盖牛，坤土也。黄，土色也。以顺德配干牡之用也。肉者胃
无形之物也。故能由肠胃而透肌肤，毛窍爪甲，无所不到。在表者因吐
吐而去，在浊道者自利而除。有如洪水泛涨，陈 顺流而去，盎然
爽之乐也。
王纶云∶牛肉本补脾胃之物，非吐下药也，特饮之既满而溢尔。借补为泻，故病去而胃
得补，亦奇法也。但病非肠胃者，似难施之。
【附方】新四。
小刀圭∶韩飞霞曰∶凡一切虚病，皆可服之。用小牛犊儿（未交感者）一只，腊月初八
日
或戊己日杀之，去血 毛洗净，同脏腑不遗分寸，大铜锅煮之。每十斤，入黄 十两，人参
四两，茯苓六两，官桂、良姜各五钱，陈皮三两，甘草、蜀椒各二两，食盐二两，淳酒二斗
同煮，水以八分为率，文火煮至如泥，其骨皆捶碎，并滤取稠汁。待冷以瓮盛之，埋于土内，
露出瓮面。凡饮食中，皆任意食之，或以酒调服更妙。肥犬及鹿，皆可依此法作之。
返本丸∶补诸虚百损。用黄犍牛肉（去筋、膜）切片，河水洗数遍，仍浸一夜，次日再
洗三遍，水清为度。用无灰好酒同入坛内，重泥封固，桑柴文武火煮一昼夜，取出（如黄沙
为佳，焦黑无用）焙干为末听用。山药（盐炒过）、莲肉（去心，盐炒过，并去盐）、白茯苓、
小茴香（炒）各四两，为末。每牛肉半斤，入药末一斤，以红枣蒸熟去皮和捣，丸梧桐子大。
每空心酒下五十丸，日三服。（《乾坤生意》）
腹中痞积∶牛肉四两切片，以风化锻石一钱擦上，蒸熟食。常食痞积自下。（《经验秘
方》）
腹中癖积∶黄牛肉一斤，恒山三钱，同煮熟。食肉饮汁，癖必自消，甚效。（笔峰《杂
兴》）
牛皮风癣∶每五更炙牛肉一片食，以酒调轻粉敷之。（《直指方》）
水牛肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
《日华》曰∶冷，微毒。宜忌同黄牛。
【主治】消渴，止 泄，安中益气，养脾胃（《别录》）。补虚壮健，强筋骨，消水肿
，除湿气（藏器）。
【附方】旧二，新一。
水肿尿涩∶牛肉一斤熟蒸，以姜、醋空心食之。（《心镜》）
手足肿痛∶伤寒时气，毒攻手足，肿痛欲断。生牛肉裹之，肿消痛止。（《范汪方》）
白虎风痛∶寒热发歇，骨节微肿。用水牛肉脯一两（炙黄），燕窠土、伏龙肝、飞罗面
各
二两，砒黄一钱，为末。每以少许，新汲水和，作弹丸大，于痛处摩之。痛止，即取药抛于
热油铛中。（《圣惠》）
头蹄（水牛者良）
【气味】凉。
《食经》云∶患冷人勿食蹄中巨筋。多食令人生肉刺。
【主治】下热风（孟诜）。
【附方】旧一。
水肿胀满，小便涩者∶用水牛蹄一具去毛，煮汁作羹，蹄切食之。或以水牛尾一条，细
切，作 KT 食，或煮食亦佳。（《食医心镜》）
鼻（水牛者良）
【主治】消渴，同石燕煮汁服
气壮人尤效（孟诜）。疗口眼 斜。不拘干湿者，以火炙热，于不患处一边熨之，即渐止（宗
）。
皮（水牛者良）
【主治】水气浮肿，小便涩少。以皮蒸熟，切入豉汁食之（《心镜》）。熬胶最良（详阿
胶）。
乳
【气味】甘，微寒，无毒。
弘景曰∶ 牛乳佳。
恭曰∶ 牛乳性平，生饮令人利，热饮令人口干，微似温也。水牛乳作酪，浓浓胜
造石蜜须之。
藏器曰∶黑牛乳胜黄牛。凡服乳，必煮一二沸，停冷啜之，热食即壅。不欲顿服，欲得
渐消。与酸物相反，令人腹中结症。患冷气人忌之。合生鱼食，作瘕。
时珍曰∶凡取，以物撞之则易得。余详乳酪下。制秦艽、不灰木。
【主治】补虚羸，止渴（《别录》）。养心肺，解热毒，润皮肤（《日华》）。冷补，下热
气。和酥煎沸食，去冷气 癖（藏器）。患热风人宜食之
止小儿吐乳，补劳（思邈）。治反胃热哕，补益劳损，润大肠，治气痢，除疸黄，老人煮粥
甚宜（时珍）。
【发明】震亨曰∶反胃噎膈，大便燥结，宜牛、羊乳时时咽之，并服四物汤为上策。不
可用人乳，人乳有饮食之毒，七情之火也。
时珍曰∶乳煎荜茇，治气痢有效。盖一寒一热，能和阴阳耳。按《独异志》云∶唐太宗
苦气痢，众医不效，下诏访问。
宣下宰臣与五品官。魏征难之，逾月不拟。上疾复发，复进之又平。因问左右曰∶进方人有
功，未见除授何也？征惧曰∶未知文武二吏。上怒曰∶治得宰相，不妨授三品，我岂不及汝
耶？即命与三品文官，授鸿胪寺卿。其方用牛乳半斤，荜茇三钱，同煎减半，空腹顿服。
【附方】旧二，新九。
风热毒瓦斯∶煎过牛乳一升，生牛乳一升，和匀。空腹服之，日三服。（《千金方》）
小儿热哕∶牛乳二合，姜汁一合，银器文火煎五六沸。一岁儿饮半合，量儿大小，加减
与服之。（《圣惠方》）
饮之，每饮三、四合。（《广利方》）
病后虚弱∶取七岁以下、五岁以上黄牛乳一升，水四升，煎取一升，稍稍饮，至十日止。
（《外台方》）
补益劳损∶《千金翼》∶崔尚书方∶钟乳粉三两，袋盛，以牛乳一升，煎减三分之一，去
袋饮乳，日三。又方∶白石英末三斤，与十岁以上生犊 牛食，每日与一两
取牛乳，或热服一升，或作粥食。其粪以种菜食。百无所忌，能润脏腑，泽
煎调硫黄末一两服，取汗尤良。（《肘后》）
肉人怪病∶人顶生疮五色，如樱桃状，破则自顶分裂，连皮剥脱至足，名曰肉人。常饮
牛乳自消。（夏子益《奇疾方》）
重舌出涎∶特牛乳饮之。（《圣惠》）
蚰蜒入耳∶牛乳少少滴入即出。若入腹者，饮一二升即化为水。（《
蜘蛛疮毒∶牛乳饮之良。（《生生编》）
血
【气味】咸，平，无毒。
【主治】解毒利肠，治金疮折伤垂死，又下水蛭。煮拌醋食，治血痢便血（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶按∶《元史》云∶布智儿从太祖征回回，身中数矢，血流满体，闷仆
几绝。太祖命取一牛剖其腹，纳之牛腹中，浸热血中，移时遂苏。又云∶李庭从伯颜攻郢州，
炮伤左胁，矢贯于胸，几绝。伯颜命剖水牛腹纳其中，良久而苏。何孟春云∶予在职方时，
问各边将无知此术者，非读《元史》弗知也。故书于此，以备缓急。
【附方】新一。
误吞水蛭，肠痛黄瘦∶牛血热饮一二升，次早化猪脂一升饮之，即下出也。（《肘后》）
脂（黄牛者良，炼过用）
【气味】甘，温，微毒。
【主治】诸疮疥癣白秃，亦入面脂（时珍）。
【附方】新四。
消渴不止∶栝蒌根煎∶用生栝蒌根（切）十斤，以水三斗，煮至一斗，滤净，入炼净黄
牛脂一合，慢火熬成膏，瓶收。每酒服一杯，日三。（《总录》）
三度永瘥。（姚氏）
也。（《千金方》）
走精黄病∶面目俱黄，多睡，舌紫，甚则舌面坼裂，及加黑色，若爪甲黑者死。用豉半
两，牛脂一两，煎过油脂，绵裹烙舌，去黑皮一重，浓煎豉汤一盏饮之。（《三十六黄方》）
髓（黑牛、黄牛、 牛者良，炼过用）
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
【主治】补中，填骨髓。久服增年（《本经》）。安五脏，平三焦，
泄利，去消渴，皆以清酒暖服之（《别录》）。平胃气，通十二经脉（思邈
髓、地黄汁、白蜜等分，煎服（孟诜）。润肺补肾，泽肌悦面，理折伤，擦损痛，甚妙（时
珍）。
【附方】新三。
补精润肺，壮阳助胃∶用炼牛髓四两，胡桃肉四两，杏仁泥四两，山药末半斤，炼蜜一
斤，同捣成膏，以瓶盛汤煮一日。每服一匙，空心服之。（《瑞竹方》）
劳损风湿∶陆抗膏∶用牛髓、羊脂各二升，白蜜、姜汁、酥各三升，煎三上三下，令成
膏。随意以温酒和服之。（《经心录》）
手足皴裂∶牛髓敷之。
脑（水牛、黄牛者良）
【气味】甘，温，微毒。
《心镜》曰∶牛热病死者，勿食其脑，令生肠痈。
润皴裂，入面脂用（时珍）。
【附方】新四。
吐血咯血五劳七伤∶用水牛脑一枚（涂纸上阴干），杏仁（煮去皮）、胡桃仁、白蜜各一
斤，
香油四两，同熬干为末。每空心烧酒服二钱匕。（《乾坤秘韫》）
不效者，如神。用白芷、芎 各三钱，为细末。以黄牛脑子搽末在上，瓷器内加酒顿熟，乘
热食之，尽量一醉。醒则其病如失，甚验。（《保寿堂方》）
脾积痞气∶牛脑丸∶治男妇脾积痞病，大有神效。黄
皮硝末一斤，蒸饼六个（晒研）。和匀，糊丸梧桐子大。每服三十丸，空心好酒下，日三服。
百日有验。（《普济方》）
气积成块∶牛脑散∶用牛脑子一个（去筋、膜），雄鸡肫一个（连皮、黄），并以好酒浸
一宿，捣烂，入木香、沉香、砂仁各三两，皮硝一碗，杵千下，入生铜锅内，文武火焙干为
末，入轻粉三钱，令匀。每服二钱，空心烧酒服，日三服。（同上）
心（以下黄牛者良）
【主治】虚忘，补心（《别录》）。
脾
【主治】补脾（藏器）。腊月淡煮，日食一度，治痔 。和朴硝作脯食，消痞块（时珍。
出《千金》《医通》）。
肺（以下水牛者良）
【主治】补肺（藏器）。
肝
【主治】补肝，明目（《别录》）。治疟及痢，醋煮
珍）。
肾
【主治】补肾气，益精（《别录》）。治湿痹
胃（黄牛、水牛俱良）
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
(Compendium of Materia Medica)
[Names] Sheep (pronounced fan), Cocoon-eared sheep.
Li Shizhen stated: This sheep is named "Yellow Sheep" because its abdomen carries a yellow hue. Some say "yellow" refers to being young, due to this sheep's fat and small stature. The *Erya* calls it a certain type of sheep, originating from the Western Regions. Its ears are very small; Westerners call it the Cocoon-eared sheep.
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen said: Yellow sheep are found in Guanxi, the Western Regions, and Guilin. There are four types, similar in shape to sheep but lower, smaller, with fine ribs, and a yellowish underside. Their horns resemble those of the Argali (*Ovis ammon*), and they like to lie on sandy ground. Living in deserts, they are good at walking and lying down. Those that live alone with tails curled inward, or those that gather in groups of dozens, are called Yellow Sheep. Those born in Lin'ao and other places, which are very large with tails resembling those of muntjac or deer, are called Tao Sheep. Their skins can all be used for quilts and mattresses. Those from Guilin in the south are dark brown with black backs and white spots, resembling deer.
Meat
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, non-toxic. *Zhengyao* states: Boiled in soup, the flavor is faint. Brain is inedible.
[Therapeutic Actions] Tonifies the middle and supplements qi; treats deficiency-cold caused by overwork (Li Shizhen). From *Zhengyao*.
Marrow
[Therapeutic Actions] Tonifying effects are the same as sheep marrow (*Zhengyao*).
(Native Drug Classic, Middle Grade)
[Correction] *Bielu* lists Cow Milk as Upper Grade, and *Shiyi* records Calf Umbilical Stool; these are now combined into one entry.
[Names] Li Shizhen said: According to Xu Shen: "Niu" (Cow/Ox) means "jian" (item/part). The ox is a major sacrificial animal, capable of handling various affairs with order. Its character resembles the shape of horns, head, forehead, and tail. *Zhou Li* calls it "Da Lao" (Great Sacrifice). "Lao" is the enclosure for domesticated animals; the ox enclosure is large, the sheep enclosure is small, hence it is called "Yuan Da Wu". "Yuan" means head; "Wu" means footprint. A fat ox leaves large footprints. This is akin to how *Shiji* refers to the ox as "head". The *Fan Shu* (Sanskrit texts) calls it "Qumo Di". Male cows are called "Gu", "Te", "Xing", "Qing"; northern cows are called [Name]. Pure colored ones are called "Xi"; black ones are [Name]; white ones are [Name]; red ones are [Name]; mixed color ones are called "Li". Castrated males are called "Jian", also [Name]. Hornless ones are [Name]. Calves are called "Du"; two-year-olds are [Name].
[Collected Explanations] Zang Er said: There are several types of cattle. *Benjing* does not mention Yellow Ox, Black Ox, or Water Buffalo, only "Niu". Southerners consider Water Buffalo as Niu, while Northerners consider Yellow Ox and Black Ox as Niu. Since the breeds differ, their medicinal uses should be distinguished.
Li Shizhen said: There are two types: [Type] Ox and Water Buffalo. [Type] Ox is small; Water Buffalo is large.
Water buffalo are blue-grey, with large bellies and sharp heads; their shape is called "Zhouliu Niu". Additionally, in Guangnan there is the "Ji Niu", which is also one type. Cow teeth have a section connecting to the spine.
Chewed leaves are called [Name]; horn fetus is called [Name]; nasal wood is called [Name]; chewed grass spat out again is called [Name]; undigested grass in the belly is called "Sheng Ji". Among animals, the ox belongs to Earth; in the Eight Trigrams, it belongs to Kun. Earth is slow and harmonious, so its nature is docile. *Zaohua Quanyu* says: Qian Yang represents the Horse, Kun Yin represents the Ox; therefore, horse hooves are round, ox hooves are split. When sick, horses lie down (Yin prevails); when sick, oxen stand (Yang prevails). Horses rise with front legs first and lie down with hind legs first, following Yang; oxen rise with hind legs first and lie down with front legs first, following Yin. Uniquely explained by Qian's strength and Kun's docility.
Yellow Beef
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
Tao Hongjing said: [Type] ox has specific merits; Green Ox is superior; Water Buffalo is only suitable for food.
For moving diseases, it is inferior to Water Buffalo.
Meng Shen said: For Yellow Ox moving disease, Black Ox is especially inedible. Oxen are essential for farming and harvesting and should not be killed excessively. If they die naturally, blood vessels are severed and marrow exhausted; they should not be eaten.
Zang Er said: Eating beef from a cow that died of illness induces chronic diseases and accumulations, causing severe diarrhea and infectious diseases. Black oxen with white heads should not be eaten. The liver of a single-lobe liver has high toxicity, causing bloody dysentery leading to death. In the north, thin oxen are often fed snakes through the nose, resulting in a single-lobe liver. Water buffalo do not have this.
Beef from cows that ate snakes is identified by hair growing backwards. Human milk can detoxify it. *Nei...* has high toxicity, causing carbuncles and sudden death. *Shijing* says: Self-dead cow...
Beef, when eaten with pork and millet wine, generates tapeworms; when eaten with chives... adding apricot kernels and reed leaves makes it easier to digest, which is compatible.
Meng Shen said: Evil horses become tame after eating beef; this is due to the nature of things.
[Therapeutic Actions] Stabilizes the middle and supplements qi, nourishes spleen and stomach (*Bielu*). Tonifies waist and legs, stops thirst and salivation (Sun Simiao).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen said: Han... stated: Beef supplements qi, with the same effect as Huangqi (Astragalus). Observing Zhu Danxi's "Dao Cang Lun"... class, one can understand the earth-tonifying effect of ox. Today, daily necessities cannot be banned by strict laws, partly because meat is sweet...
Zhu Zhenheng's *Dao Cang Lun* states: The intestines and stomach are chambers for grain, hence called "Cang" (Granary). "Dao" means pushing out the old to bring forth the new, allowing self-movement. Seven emotions and five flavors damage the Central Palace, causing phlegm retention and blood stasis, entangling each other. This manifests as paralysis, ... substance, forming nests and mortars, generating hundreds of diseases and disrupting the Central Palace. Pills and powders cannot remove this. This prescription comes from... Twenty jin of fat male beef, boiled in flowing water into porridge, strained to extract liquid, then boiled until amber-colored for storage. Drink one cup per time, up to dozens of cups, warmed in cold months. For upper body ailments, induce vomiting; for lower body, induce purgation; for middle, both. Adapt flexibly. After vomiting/purgation, if thirsty, drink one or two bowls of... urine, which can also cleanse residual filth. Sleep for two days, then eat bland congee. After half a month of nourishment, spirit becomes strong... Avoid beef for five years. The ox is Kun Earth. Yellow is the color of Earth. Using virtue to match the function of Qian Male. Meat is... formless matter. Thus it penetrates from intestines/stomach to skin, pores, nails, reaching everywhere. Surface issues are expelled via vomiting... Vomiting removes them; turbid paths are cleared via purgation. Like a flood rising, old... flows away, bringing joy...
Wang Lun said: Beef is originally for tonifying spleen and stomach, not a vomit/purgative drug. It works by filling until overflowing. Borrowing tonification for purgation, thus disease leaves and stomach is tonified; also a miraculous method. However, for diseases not involving intestines/stomach, it seems difficult to apply.
[Attached Prescriptions] Four New.
Xiao Dao Gui: Han Feixia said: All deficiency diseases can take this. Use one calf (not yet bred), slaughtered on the 8th day of the 12th lunar month... or Wuji day. Remove blood... hair, wash clean, including all organs without omission. Boil in a large copper pot. For every ten jin, add Huangqi (Astragalus) ten liang, Ren Shen (Ginseng) four liang, Fu Ling (Poria) six liang, Gu Gui (Cinnamon Bark) and Liang Jiang (Galangal) five qian each, Chen Pi (Tangerine Peel) three liang, Gan Cao (Licorice) and Shu Jiao (Sichuan Pepper) two liang each, Salt two liang, Chun Jiu (Pure Wine) two dou. Boil together, water level at eight-tenths, simmer on low heat until mud-like. Crush bones, filter thick juice. Cool, store in jar, bury in soil leaving top exposed. Eat freely in meals, or mix with wine for better effect. Fat dogs and deer can be made similarly.
Fan Ben Wan: Tonifies all deficiencies and hundred damages. Use yellow castrated beef (remove sinews/membranes), slice, wash in river water several times, soak overnight, wash three more times next day until water is clear. Put in jar with unadulterated good wine, seal heavily with mud, boil with mulberry fire for a day and night. Remove (yellow sand color is best, burnt black is useless), dry and powder. Shan Yao (Salt-fried), Lian Rou (Heart removed, salt-fried, salt removed), Bai Fu Ling, Xiao Hui Xiang (Fennel, fried) each four liang, powder. For every half jin beef, add one jin herb powder, mix with steamed peeled red dates, pill to size of paulownia seeds. Take fifty pills on empty stomach with wine, three times daily. (*Qiankun Shengyi*)
Abdominal Masses: Slice four liang beef, rub with one qian weathered calcined stone, steam and eat. Regular consumption resolves masses. (*Experience Secret Formula*)
Abdominal Accumulation: One jin yellow beef, three qian Hengshan (Daphne), cook together. Eat meat and drink broth; accumulation will resolve, very effective. (Bifeng *Zaxing*)
Cow Skin Tinea: Roast one slice of beef at dawn, eat, apply Qing Fen (Calamine) mixed with wine to affected area. (*Zhizhi Fang*)
Water Buffalo Meat
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
*Rihua* says: Cold, slightly toxic. Indications/contraindications same as Yellow Ox.
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats thirst, stops... diarrhea, stabilizes middle, supplements qi, nourishes spleen and stomach (*Bielu*). Tonifies deficiency, strengthens health, reinforces waist/knees, reduces edema, removes dampness (Zang Er).
[Attached Prescriptions] Two Old, One New.
Edema with Urinary Difficulty: Steam one jin beef熟, eat on empty stomach with ginger and vinegar. (*Xin Jing*)
Hand/Foot Swelling and Pain: Typhoid/epidemic pathogens attacking hands/feet, swelling/pain severe. Wrap in raw beef; swelling subsides, pain stops. (*Fan Wang Fang*)
White Tiger Wind Pain: Alternating fever/chills, slight joint swelling. Use one liang Water Buffalo jerky (roasted yellow), Swallow Nest Soil, Fu Long Gan (Dragon Sitting Earth), Fei Luo Mian (Fine Flour) each two liang, Pi Huang (Realgar) one qian. Powder. Mix small amount with fresh water, make pellet size, rub on pain site. Once pain stops, throw medicine into hot oil pan. (*Sheng Hui*)
Head and Hooves (Water Buffalo preferred)
[Flavor and Properties] Cool.
*Shijing* says: Cold-disease patients should not eat large tendons in hooves. Excessive intake causes flesh spicules.
[Therapeutic Actions] Disperses wind-heat (Meng Shen).
[Attached Prescriptions] One Old.
Edema/Bloating with Scanty Urine: Use one set Water Buffalo hooves, remove hair, boil juice for soup, cut hooves and eat. Or use one Water Buffalo tail, finely chop, make KT food, or boil and eat. (*Shi Yi Xin Jing*)
Nose (Water Buffalo preferred)
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats thirst, decoct with Shi Yan (Swallow Stone) and drink... Especially effective for robust individuals (Meng Shen). Treats facial paralysis. Regardless of wet/dry type, roast hot, apply heat to unaffected side until gradually stopping (Zong...).
Skin (Water Buffalo preferred)
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats water-edema, scanty urination. Steam skin熟, cut and eat with bean paste juice (*Xin Jing*). Best made into glue (see E Jiao).
Milk
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, slightly cold, non-toxic.
Tao Hongjing said: [Type] cow milk is excellent.
Su Gong said: [Type] cow milk is neutral. Raw drinking causes diarrhea; hot drinking causes dry mouth, slightly warm. Water buffalo milk made into cheese is thicker than rock sugar needs.
Zang Er said: Black cow milk surpasses Yellow cow. When taking milk, boil one or two boils, cool before sipping; hot intake causes stagnation. Do not take all at once; consume gradually. Opposite to sour foods, causing abdominal masses. Cold-disease patients avoid it. Combined with raw fish, causes growths.
Li Shizhen said: To obtain, hit with object for ease. Details follow under Milk/Cheese. Prepares Qin Jiao, Bu Hui Mu.
[Therapeutic Actions] Tonifies emaciation, stops thirst (*Bielu*). Nourishes heart/lungs, clears heat toxins, moistens skin (*Rihua*). Cold tonification, descends heat. Boil with butter and eat to remove cold-dampness (Zang Er). Suitable for wind-heat patients... Stops infant vomiting milk, tonifies fatigue (Simiao). Treats regurgitation/hiccups, tonifies damage, moistens large intestine, treats Qi-dysentery, removes jaundice/yellowing; elderly cooking congee is suitable (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Zhenheng said: For regurgitation/dysphagia, dry stool, swallow cow/sheep milk frequently, combined with Si Wu Tang is best strategy. Do not use human milk; human milk contains dietary toxins and seven-emotion fire.
Li Shizhen said: Milk decocted with Bi Ba treats Qi-dysentery effectively. One cold, one hot, harmonizing yin/yang. *Duyi Zhi* says: Emperor Taizong of Tang suffered Qi-dysentery, doctors ineffective, issued decree for advice. Ministers and 5th-rank officials. Wei Zheng hesitated, delayed a month. Relapse, prescribed again, recovered. Asked attendants: He who provided formula has merit, why no appointment? Zheng feared: Unknown civil/military rank. Emperor angry: Treating Chancellor, grant 3rd rank, am I worse than you? Granted 3rd rank civil official, Director of Court of State Ceremonial. Formula: Half jin cow milk, three qian Bi Ba, decoct until half, take on empty stomach.
[Attached Prescriptions] Two Old, Nine New.
Wind-Heat Toxic Gas: Decocted cow milk one sheng, raw cow milk one sheng, mix. Take on empty stomach, three times daily. (*Qian Jin Fang*)
Infant Heat Hiccups: Two he cow milk, one he ginger juice, simmer in silver vessel 5-6 boils. One-year-old drink half he, adjust by age. (*Sheng Hui Fang*)
Drink, three-four he per time. (*Guang Li Fang*)
Post-illness Weakness: Yellow cow milk one sheng (7yo below, 5yo above), water four sheng, decoct to one sheng, sip slowly, stop after ten days. (*Waitai Fang*)
Tonify Damage: *Qianjin Yi*: Cui Shangshu Formula: Zhong Ru (Calcined Concretion) three liang, bagged, decoct in one sheng cow milk until reduced by one-third, remove bag, drink milk, three times daily. Another Formula: Bai Shi Ying (Quartz) powder three jin, feed to calves over 10yo, one liang daily... Take cow milk, or drink one sheng hot, or make congee. Feces used to fertilize vegetables. No taboos, moistens viscera, lusters... Decoct with sulfur powder one liang, induce sweat is best. (*Zhou Hou*)
Flesh Person Strange Disease: Colorful sores on crown, like cherries, rupture splitting crown, peeling skin to feet, named Flesh Person. Regularly drinking cow milk resolves spontaneously. (Xia Zi Yi *Qi Ji Fang*)
Double Tongue with Saliva: Drink special cow milk. (*Sheng Hui*)
Centipede in Ear: Drip few drops cow milk, exits. If in stomach, drink one-two sheng, turns to water. (*...*)
Spider Sores/Poison: Drinking cow milk is good. (*Sheng Sheng Bian*)
Blood
[Flavor and Properties] Salty, neutral, non-toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Detoxifies, benefits intestines, treats metal wounds/fractures near death, expels leeches. Boil with vinegar, eat, treats bloody dysentery/hematochezia (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen said: According to *Yuan Shi*: Bu Zhi'er followed Genghis Khan against Huihui, struck by multiple arrows, bleeding profusely, nearly fainted. Khan ordered opening a cow's belly, placing him inside, soaking in hot blood, revived after some time. Also: Li Ting followed Bayan attacking Yinzhou, cannon wound left flank, arrow through chest, nearly died. Bayan ordered opening Water Buffalo belly, placing him inside, revived after long time. He Mengchun said: When serving in Military Office, asked border generals if any knew this art; none, unless reading *Yuan Shi*. Recorded here for emergencies.
[Attached Prescriptions] One New.
Accidentally Swallowed Leech, Intestinal Pain/Yellow Emaciation: Drink one-two sheng hot cow blood, next morning dissolve one sheng pig fat and drink, immediately excreted. (*Zhou Hou*)
Fat (Yellow Ox preferred, refined)
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, slightly toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Various sores/scabies/tinea/white alopecia, also used in face cream (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Prescriptions] Four New.
Incessant Thirst: Gua Lou Gen Decoction: Ten jin raw Gua Lou Root (cut), three dou water, boil to one dou, filter clean, add one he refined Yellow Ox Fat, slow fire boil to paste, bottle store. Take one cup with wine, three times daily. (*Zong Lu*)
Three times permanently cured. (Yao Shi)
Also. (*Qian Jin Fang*)
Moving Essence Yellow Disease: Face/body yellow, excessive sleep, purple tongue, severe cracking/blackening tongue, black nails indicate death. Use Ban Dou (Fermented Soybean) half liang, Niu Zhi (Ox Fat) one liang, refined oil, wrap in silk, cauterize tongue, remove black skin layer, drink one bowl strong bean soup. (*San Shi Liu Huang Fang*)
Marrow (Black Ox, Yellow Ox, [Type] Ox preferred, refined)
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
[Therapeutic Actions] Tonifies middle, fills bone marrow. Long-term use increases longevity (*Benjing*). Calms five viscera, balances San Jiao, ... diarrhea, removes thirst, all taken warm with clear wine (*Bielu*). Balances stomach qi, unblocks twelve meridians (Simiao... Marrow, Di Huang Juice, Bai Mi equal parts, decoct and drink (Meng Shen). Moistens lungs, tonifies kidneys, lusters skin/face, treats fractures/bruises, very wonderful (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Prescriptions] Three New.
Tonify Essence/Moisten Lungs/Strong Yang/Assist Stomach: Refined Ox Marrow four liang, Walnut Meat four liang, Apricot Kernel Paste four liang, Shan Yao Powder half jin, Refined Honey one jin. Pound into paste, store in jar, boil in water bath for one day. Take one spoon on empty stomach. (*Rui Zhu Fang*)
Fatigue/Damp-Wind: Lu Kang Gao: Ox Marrow and Sheep Fat two sheng each, White Honey, Ginger Juice, Butter three sheng each. Decoct three times up/down to form paste. Take with warm wine as desired. (*Jing Xin Lu*)
Hand/Foot Cracking: Apply Ox Marrow.
Brain (Water Buffalo, Yellow Ox preferred)
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, slightly toxic.
*Xin Jing* says: Do not eat brain of ox dying of heat disease, causes intestinal abscess.
Moistens cracks, used in face cream (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Prescriptions] Four New.
Hematemesis/Hemoptysis/Five Fatigues/Seven Injuries: One Water Buffalo Brain (spread on paper, shade dry), Apricot Kernel (boiled, peel removed), Walnut Kernel, White Honey each one jin, Sesame Oil four liang. Boil dry, powder. Take two qian bi with roasted wine on empty stomach. (*Qiankun Mi Yun*)
If ineffective, like god. Use Bai Zhi, Xiong Qiong each three qian, fine powder. Rub Yellow Ox Brain paste on top, add wine in porcelain vessel, cook thoroughly, eat hot, drink to intoxication. Wake up, disease lost, very effective. (*Bao Shou Tang Fang*)
Spleen Accumulation/Stagnation: Nao Wan: Treats male/female spleen accumulation, great efficacy. Huang... Pi Xiao Powder one jin, Steamed Cake six (dry, powder). Mix evenly, paste pill paulownia size. Take thirty pills on empty stomach with good wine, three times daily. Effective in 100 days. (*Pu Ji Fang*)
Qi Accumulation Mass: Nao San: One Ox Brain (remove sinews/membranes), One Rooster Gizzard (with skin/yellow), soak in good wine overnight, pound rotten, add Mu Xiang, Chen Xiang, Sha Ren each three liang, Pi Xiao one bowl, pound thousand times, put in raw copper pot, dry bake on medium/low fire to powder, add Qing Fen three qian, mix well. Take two qian with roasted wine on empty stomach, three times daily. (Same)
Heart (Below Yellow Ox preferred)
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats forgetfulness, tonifies heart (*Bielu*).
Spleen
[Therapeutic Actions] Tonifies spleen (Zang Er). Boil lightly in 12th month, eat once daily, treats hemorrhoids... Combine with Po Xiao (Mirabilite) as dried meat, resolves masses (Li Shizhen. From *Qian Jin*, *Yi Tong*).
Lung (Below Water Buffalo preferred)
[Therapeutic Actions] Tonifies lung (Zang Er).
Liver
[Therapeutic Actions] Tonifies liver, brightens eyes (*Bielu*). Treats malaria/dysentery, vinegar-boiled... (Li Shizhen).
Kidney
[Therapeutic Actions] Tonifies kidney qi, benefits essence (*Bielu*). Treats damp-bi...
Stomach (Yellow/Water Ox both good)
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.