味辛，大热，有大毒。主治痈肿，风痹历节，腰脚疼冷，寒热鼠 。又堕胎。此即附子
边角之大者，脱取之，昔时不用，比来医家以治香港脚多验。凡此三建，世中乃是同根，而《本
经》分生三处，当各有所宜故也。方云∶少室天雄，朗陵乌头，皆称本土，今则无别矣。少
室山连嵩高，朗陵县属豫州，汝南郡今在北国。（敦煌本《新修》卷十，《大观》卷十，《政
和》二四四页）
味辛，温，有大毒。主治贼风在皮肤中淫淫痛，温疟、恶毒，诸痹。邪气，鬼疰，蛊毒，
一名玉支。生太行山谷及淮南山。三月采花，阴干。
今近道诸山皆有之。花黄似鹿葱，羊误食其叶，踯躅而死，故以为名。不可近眼。（敦
煌
味苦，温、微温，有毒。主治五脏邪气，心腹寒热，羸瘦，如疟状，发作有时，诸关节
风湿痹痛。治久风湿走四肢，脚弱。一名芫草，一名卑共。生太山川谷。三月三日采叶，阴
干。
好者出彭城，今近道亦有。茎叶状如莽草而细软，取用之皆连细茎。方用甚稀，惟以合
治
味苦，平，微温，有毒。主治咳逆上气，喉痹咽痛，不得消息，散结气，腹中邪逆，食
饮大热。治老血在心肝脾间，咳唾言语气臭，散胸中热气。久服令人虚。一名乌扇，一名乌
蒲，一名乌 ，一名乌吹，一名草姜。生南阳川谷，生田野。三月三日采根，阴干。
此即是乌 根，庭坛多种之，黄色，亦治毒肿。方多作夜干字，今射亦作夜音。乃言其
叶是鸢尾，而复有鸢头，此盖相似尔，恐非。乌 ，即其叶名矣。又别有射干，相似而花白
茎长，似射人之执竿者。故阮公诗云∶射干临层城。此不入药用，根亦无块，惟有其质。（敦
煌
[Cezi]
Pungent in flavor, extremely hot in nature, possessing great toxicity. It treats carbuncles and swellings, wind-bi with joint pain (rheumatoid arthritis), cold pain in the lower back and feet, alternating chills and fever, and scrofula (tuberculous lymphadenitis). It can also induce abortion. This medicine is the larger pieces from the corners of Fuzi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata), separated and obtained for use. In the past, it was not commonly used; recently, physicians have found it effective in treating beriberi (Hong Kong jiao). These three "Jian" medicines (Tianxiong, Fuzi, Cezi) are generally considered to come from the same root, yet the *Shennong Bencao Jing* divides them into three different origins, implying that each has its specific suitability. Formulas state: Tianxiong from Mount Shaoshi, and Wutou from Langling, are all claimed as local specialties, but now there is no distinction. Mount Shaoshi connects to Mount Songgao, Langling County belongs to Yuzhou, and Runan Commandery is currently located in the Northern Kingdom. (Dunhuang manuscript of *Xinxiu Bencao* Vol. 10, *Daguan Bencao* Vol. 10, *Zhenghe Bencao* p. 244)
[Shegan]
Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, possessing great toxicity. It treats creeping pain caused by thief-wind in the skin, warm malaria, malignant sores, and various bi syndromes. It expels evil qi, guizhu (a type of infectious disease), and gu poison. Also known as Yuzhi. It grows in the valleys of Mount Taihang and the mountains south of the Huai River. The flowers are harvested in the third lunar month and dried in the shade.
It is now found in the mountains near the capital. The flowers are yellow and resemble Luzhong (Lycoris radiata); if sheep mistakenly eat its leaves, they stagger to death, hence its name. It must not come into contact with the eyes. (Dunhuang manuscript fragment)
[Yanhua/Bigong] (Note: Title missing in original text, inferred from content)
Bitter in flavor, warm or slightly warm in nature, toxic. It treats evil qi in the five zang organs, alternating cold and heat in the heart and abdomen, emaciation, symptoms resembling malaria with regular paroxysms, and wind-damp bi pain in various joints. It treats chronic wind-dampness wandering through the four limbs and weakness of the legs. Also known as Yanco, and also known as Bigong. It grows in the valleys of Mount Tai. The leaves are harvested on the third day of the third lunar month and dried in the shade.
The best quality comes from Pengcheng; it is also available in nearby regions. The stems and leaves resemble Mangcao (Sargentodoxa cuneata) but are finer and softer; when harvested, they are used with the fine stems attached. It is rarely used in formulas, only in combination for treatment... (Original text truncated here)
[Shegan]
Bitter in flavor, neutral in nature, slightly warm, toxic. It treats cough with rebellious qi, throat obstruction with sore throat, difficulty in breathing, dissipates stagnant qi, treats rebellious evil qi in the abdomen, and excessive heat from food and drink retention. It treats old blood stasis between the heart, liver, and spleen, foul breath during coughing and speaking, and dissipates heat in the chest. Long-term use causes debility. Also known as Wushan, Wupu, Wusha, Wuchui, and Caojiang. It grows in the valleys of Nanyang and in fields. The roots are harvested on the third day of the third lunar month and dried in the shade.
This is the root of Wusha, often planted in courtyards and terraces; its flowers are yellow and it can also treat toxic swellings. Formulas often write the character as "Ye Gan"; today "She" is also pronounced "Ye". Some say its leaves are those of Iris tectorum (Yuanwei) and that there is also an "Iris head," which is likely due to similarity, but probably incorrect. "Wusha" refers to the name of its leaves. There is another Shegan that is similar but has white flowers and long stems, resembling a person holding a spear while shooting. Hence, Mr. Ruan's poem says: "Shegan overlooks the high city." This variety is not used in medicine; its root lacks tubers and consists only of fibrous texture. (Dunhuang manuscript fragment)