味苦、甘，寒，大寒，有毒。主治大腹疝瘕，腹满，面目浮肿，留饮宿食，破症坚积聚，
利水谷道。下五水，散膀胱留热，皮中痞，热气肿满。一名主田，一名甘 ，一名陵 ，一
名凌泽，一名重泽。生中山川谷。二月采根，阴干。（瓜蒂为之使，恶远志，反甘草。）
中山在代郡。先第一本出太山，江东比来用京口者，大不相似。赤皮者胜，白皮都下亦
有
观》卷十，《政和》二五四页）
味辛、苦，寒、大寒，无毒。主治症瘕积聚，结气，饮食寒热，破坚逐邪，通利水道。
下膀胱水，腹留热气，皮间邪水上出，面目浮肿，身暴中风热痱痒，利小腹。久服令人虚。
一名大室，一名大适。一名丁历，一名 蒿。生 城平泽及田野。立夏后采实，阴干。（得
酒良，榆皮为之使，恶僵蚕、石龙芮。）
出彭城者最胜，今近道亦有，母即公荠，子细黄至苦，用之当熬也。（敦煌卷子本《新
修
味苦、甘，寒，大寒，有小毒。主治蛊毒，十二水，腹满急痛，积聚，中风，皮肤疼痛，
吐逆。颈腋痈肿，头痛，发汗，利大小肠。一名邛钜。生常山。十二月采根，阴干。（反甘
草，畏菖蒲、芦草、鼠屎。）
近道处处有，至猥贱也。（敦煌卷子本《新修》卷十，《大观》卷十，《政和》二五六页）
[Galensae Radix (Gansui)]
Bitter, sweet; cold to very cold; toxic. Indicated for abdominal distension and hernia masses, abdominal fullness, edema of the face and eyes, retained fluid and undigested food in the stomach, breaking up hard accumulations and fixed masses, and promoting the free flow of fluids and grain through the digestive tract. It drains five types of water retention, dissipates lingering heat in the Bladder, treats stagnation and heat-induced swelling in the skin. Also known as Zhutian, Gansui, Lingsui, Lingze, and Chongze. Grows in the mountains and valleys of Zhongshan. Roots are harvested in February and dried in the shade. (Guadi (Trichosanthis Fructus Pericarpium) acts as its guide drug; it is antagonistic with Yuanzhi (Polygalae Radix) and incompatible with Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma).) Zhongshan is located in Dai Commandery. The earliest records originate from Taishan. Recently, Jingkou-grown specimens used in Jiangdong differ significantly in quality. Those with red bark are superior; white-barked ones are also available in the capital. (See *Daguan* Vol. 10, *Zhenghe* p. 254)
[Tinglizi (Descurainiae Semen / Lepidii Semen)]
Pungent, bitter; cold to very cold; non-toxic. Indicated for masses and accumulations, qi stagnation, dietary-induced cold-heat disorders, breaking hardness, expelling pathogens, and unblocking water passages. It drains water from the Bladder, clears lingering heat in the abdomen, expels pathogenic water from the interstitial spaces, treats facial and ocular edema, sudden onset of wind-heat causing miliaria and itching, and promotes urination in the lower abdomen. Long-term use causes deficiency. Also known as Dashì, Dashi, Dingli, and Tinglihao. Grows in the plains and fields of Pengcheng. Fruits are harvested after Start of Summer and dried in the shade. (Processing with wine enhances efficacy; Yupi (Ulmus Cortex) acts as its guide drug; it is antagonistic with Jiangcan (Bombyx Batryticatus) and Shilongrui (Ranunculi Ternati Radix).) Specimens from Pengcheng are of the best quality; those from nearby regions are also available. The mother plant is Gongqi, seeds are small, yellow, and extremely bitter; they should be stir-fried before use. (See Dunhuang manuscript copy of *Xinxiu Bencao*)
[Daji (Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix)]
Bitter, sweet; cold to very cold; slightly toxic. Indicated for gu poison, twelve types of water diseases, acute abdominal distension and pain, accumulations, wind-stroke, skin pain, vomiting and regurgitation. Neck and axillary carbuncles, headache, induces sweating, and promotes urination and bowel movements. Also known as Qiongju. Grows in Changshan. Roots are harvested in December and dried in the shade. (Incompatible with Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma); fears Changpu (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma), Lucao, and Shushi.) Widely available near roadsides, very common and inexpensive. (See Dunhuang manuscript copy of *Xinxiu Bencao* Vol. 10, *Daguan* Vol. 10, *Zhenghe* p. 256)