味苦，微寒，有毒。主治腹中邪热气，诸毒，杀三虫。去寸白，破症瘕，除头风。止金
创。花∶治恶疮，令人泄。一名贯节，一名贯渠，一名百头，一名虎卷，一名扁苻，一名伯
萍，一名乐藻，此谓草 头。生玄山山谷及宛朐又少室。二月、八月采根，阴干。 菌为之
使。
近道亦有，叶如大蕨，其根形色毛芒全似老 头，故呼为草 头也。（敦煌本《新修》
卷
味苦，微寒，无毒。主治邪气，皮肤中热，风瘙身痒，杀三虫。恶疮，疥虱，痔蚀，下
部疮。其子∶名草决明，治唇口青。一名草蒿，一名萋蒿。生平谷道傍。三月采茎叶，阴
干。五月、六月采子。处处有。似麦闸极花，其子甚细。后又有草蒿，别本亦作草 。今主治
殊相类，形名又相似，极多足为疑，而实两种也。（敦煌本《新修》卷十，《大观》卷十，《政
和》二五五页）
味苦、酸，寒，有毒。主治邪气，热气，疥瘙，恶疡疮痔，去白虫。一名野狼牙，一名野狼
齿，一名野狼子，一名犬牙。生淮方川谷及宛朐。八月采根，曝干。中湿腐烂生衣者，杀人。
（芜荑为之使，恶地榆、枣肌。）
近道处处有，其根牙亦似兽之牙齿也。（敦煌本《新修》卷十，《大观》卷十，《政和》
二五八页）
味辛、苦，寒、微寒，有毒。主治蛊毒，咳逆，泄痢，肠 ，头疡，疥瘙，恶疮，杀诸
虫毒，去死肌。治哕逆，喉痹不通，鼻中息肉，马刀，烂疮。不入汤。一名葱苒，一名葱 ，
一名山葱。生太山山谷。三月采根。阴干。（黄连为之使，反细辛、芍药、五参，恶大
近道处处有。本下极似葱而多毛。用之只剔取根，微炙之。（敦煌卷子本《新修》卷十，《大
观》卷十，《政和》二五一页）
[Guazhong (Cyrtomium Rhizome)]
Taste: Bitter. Nature: Slightly cold. Toxicity: Toxic.
Indications: Treats pathogenic heat in the abdomen, various toxins, and kills three types of intestinal parasites. Eliminates Taenia solium (pinworm), breaks up masses and accumulations (Zhengjia), and removes head wind (headache and dizziness caused by wind-pathogen). Heals traumatic wounds caused by metal instruments.
Flowers: Treats malignant sores but causes diarrhea when ingested.
Synonyms: Guanjie, Guanqu, Baitou, Hujuan, Bianfu, Boping, Lezao. These names refer to plants with the grass radical (Fern family).
Habitat: Grows in valleys of Xuan Mountain, as well as Wanqu and Shaoshi Mountain.
Collection: Harvest roots in February and August; dry in shade.
Compatibility: Fungi are its guiding/assisting herb.
Description: Also found in nearby regions. Leaves resemble large ferns. The root's color, shape, and hairy texture completely resemble an old man's head, hence the name referring to the grass-radical "Jue" (fern). (Dunhuang Manuscript of Xinxiu Bencao, Volume)
[Cao Hao (Artemisia Annua / Artemisia Capillaris)]
Taste: Bitter. Nature: Slightly cold. Toxicity: Non-toxic.
Indications: Treats pathogenic factors, heat in the skin, wind-induced pruritus (skin itching), and kills three types of intestinal parasites. Treats malignant sores, scabies, lice, hemorrhoidal erosion, and ulcers in the lower body.
Fruits: Named Caojueming (Cassiae Semen), treats bluish discoloration of the lips and mouth.
Synonyms: Caohao, Qihao.
Habitat: Grows beside flat lands and paths.
Collection: Harvest stems and leaves in March; dry in shade. Harvest fruits in May and June.
Distribution: Found everywhere.
Description: Resembles the very fine flowers of wheat ears; its fruits are extremely small. Later texts mention another type of Caohao, also written as Cao [missing character] in other editions. Their current indications are very similar, and their forms and names are alike, causing much confusion, yet they are actually two different species. (Dunhuang Manuscript of Xinxiu Bencao Vol. 10, Daguan Bencao Vol. 10, Zhenghe Bencao p. 255)
[Langya (Sanguisorba Radix / Potentilla chinensis)]
Taste: Bitter, Sour. Nature: Cold. Toxicity: Toxic.
Indications: Treats pathogenic factors, heat, scabies and pruritus, malignant ulcers and hemorrhoids, and removes white intestinal worms.
Synonyms: Yelangya, Yelangchi, Yelangzi, Canya.
Habitat: Grows in valleys of Huaifangchuan and Wanqu.
Collection: Harvest roots in August; sun-dry.
Warning: If the root rots due to dampness and develops a fungal coating, it is lethal.
Compatibility: Wuyi is its guiding/assisting herb; adverse reaction with Diyuzhu and Zaoji.
Description: Found everywhere in nearby regions. The root's tooth-like projections resemble beast teeth. (Dunhuang Manuscript of Xinxiu Bencao Vol. 10, Daguan Bencao Vol. 10, Zhenghe Bencao p. 258)
[Lilu (Veratrum Nigrum Rhizome)]
Taste: Pungent, Bitter. Nature: Cold, Slightly cold. Toxicity: Toxic.
Indications: Treats gu poison (poisoning from insects/worms), cough and rebellious qi, dysentery, bloody diarrhea (Changpi), scalp ulcers, scabies and pruritus, malignant sores, kills various insect toxins, and removes necrotic tissue. Treats hiccups, obstruction of the throat (Houbi), nasal polyps, scrofula (Madao), and ulcerating sores.
Preparation Note: Do not use in decoctions.
Synonyms: Congran, Cong [missing character], Shancong.
Habitat: Grows in valleys of Mount Tai.
Collection: Harvest roots in March; dry in shade.
Compatibility: Huanglian is its guiding/assisting herb; contraindicated with Xixin, Shaoyao, and Wushen; adverse reaction with Dahuang.
Description: Found everywhere in nearby regions. The base of the root resembles green onion but is hairy. Use only the extracted root, slightly roasted. (Dunhuang Manuscript of Xinxiu Bencao Vol. 10, Daguan Bencao Vol. 10, Zhenghe Bencao p. 251)