味甘，平，无毒。主治心腹积聚，除三虫。生山谷，二月采。
状如小芋子，肉白皮黄，近道亦有。（敦煌本《新修》卷十，《大观》卷十，《政和》二
五七页）
味苦，平，有毒。主治诸恶疮，疥痂， 蚀，及牛马诸疮。
今人多用以合治疥膏，甚验也。（敦煌本《新修》卷十，《大观》卷十，《政和》二五八
页）
味苦，平，无毒。主治寒热，鼠 ，瘰 ，痈肿，恶疮，瘿瘤，结热、蛊毒，去白虫。
一名异翘，一名兰花，一名折根，一名轵，一名三廉。生太山山谷。二月采，阴干。处处有，
今用茎连花实也。（《大观》卷十一，《政和》二七五页）
味苦，温，无毒、有毒。主治温疟，狂易寒热，症瘕积聚，瘿气，逐血，止痛，治金疮，
鼻衄。一名野丈人，一名胡王使者，一名奈何草。生高山山谷及田野，四月采。处处有。近
根处有白茸，状似人白头，故以为名。方用亦治毒痢。（《大观》卷十一，《
味辛、酸、寒、微寒，有小毒。主蚀恶肉，败疮，死肌，杀疥虫，排脓恶血，除大风
热气，善忘，不乐。去热痹，破症瘕，除息肉。一名屈据，一名离娄。生代郡川谷。五月采
根，阴干。黑头者良。（甘草为之使，恶麦门冬。）
今第一出高丽，色黄。初断时汁出凝黑如漆，故云漆头。次出近道，名草 茹，色白，
皆烧铁烁头令黑，以当漆头，非真也。叶似大戟，花黄，二月便生。根亦治疮。（《大观》卷
十
Taste is sweet, nature is neutral, non-toxic. It treats accumulations and masses in the heart and abdomen, and eliminates three types of parasites. It grows in mountain valleys; harvested in February. Its shape resembles small taro roots, with white flesh and yellow skin; it is also found in nearby regions. (Dunhuang manuscript of *Xinxiu Bencao* Vol. 10, *Daguan Bencao* Vol. 10, *Zhenghe Zhenglei Bencao* p. 257)
Taste is bitter, nature is neutral, toxic. It treats various malignant sores, scabies crusts, erosive ulcers, and various sores on cattle and horses. Nowadays, people often use it to compound ointments for treating scabies, which is very effective. (Dunhuang manuscript of *Xinxiu Bencao* Vol. 10, *Daguan Bencao* Vol. 10, *Zhenghe Zhenglei Bencao* p. 258)
Taste is bitter, nature is neutral, non-toxic. It treats alternating chills and fever, shu lou (scrofula/lymphatic tuberculosis), luo li (cervical lymphadenopathy), carbuncles and swellings, malignant sores, ying liu (goiter/thyroid enlargement), accumulated heat, gu poison, and removes white worms. Also known as Yi Qiao, Lan Hua, Zhe Gen, Zhi, and San Lian. It grows in the valleys of Mount Tai; harvested in February, dried in the shade. It is found everywhere; nowadays, the stems connected with flowers and fruits are used. (*Daguan Bencao* Vol. 11, *Zhenghe Zhenglei Bencao* p. 275)
Taste is bitter, nature is warm; some records state non-toxic, others toxic. It treats warm malaria, kuang yi (mania accompanied by chills and fever), zheng jia accumulations (abdominal masses), ying qi (neck masses), expels blood stasis, relieves pain, treats metal wounds (trauma from sharp instruments), and epistaxis. Also known as Ye Zhang Ren, Hu Wang Shi Zhe, and Nai He Cao. It grows in high mountain valleys and fields; harvested in April. It is found everywhere. Near the root, there is white fuzz resembling a human's white head, hence its name. In prescriptions, it is also used to treat toxic dysentery. (*Daguan Bencao* Vol. 11, ...)
Taste is pungent and sour, nature is cold and slightly cold, slightly toxic. It treats erosion of foul flesh, decayed sores, necrotic tissue, kills scabies mites, discharges pus and foul blood, removes wind-heat from severe conditions, amnesia, and depression. It removes heat-bi (painful obstruction due to heat), breaks up zheng jia (masses), and removes polyps. Also known as Qu Ju and Li Lou. It grows in the river valleys of Dai Commandery; roots harvested in May, dried in the shade. Those with black heads are of superior quality. (Gancao [Licorice Root] acts as an assistant herb; incompatible with Maidong [Ophiopogon Tuber].) The first type comes from Goryeo, with a yellow color. When initially broken, the juice flows out and solidifies into black like lacquer, hence called "lacquer head." The second type comes from nearby regions, named Cao Ru, with a white color; these are made black by heating iron tips to simulate lacquer heads, which are not genuine. The leaves resemble Daye [Euphorbia Kingiana], flowers are yellow, and it sprouts in February. The roots also treat sores. (*Daguan Bencao* Vol. 10...)