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Huai Shi (Sophorae Fructus)
Bitter, pungent, and salty in taste; cold in nature. Non-toxic. Branches inserted into the ground take root easily; it is commonly planted in courtyards. The fruit develops within pods, harvested in the tenth lunar month.
The seeds are as large as beans, purple-black in color and hard in texture. Those with two or three seeds per pod are of good quality; those with a single seed or five seeds should not be used. Crush with a small copper hammer, soak overnight in milk from a black ox. Only decoct after steaming, using *Jingtian* (*Sedum aizoon*) as an adjuvant. It treats pathogenic heat in the five viscera and eliminates swelling and pain of the five types of hemorrhoids. (Harvest on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, crush and squeeze out the juice, store in a copper vessel, expose to sunlight at a high place for more than twenty days, decoct until thick and hard, form into pills the size of mouse feces, insert into the anus, change three times to achieve cure.) It stops saliva production, nourishes severe injuries, cools the large intestine, and dissipates breast masses. It removes persistent dampness, itching, and sores of the male genitals, and relieves unbearable pain and itching of the female postpartum vagina. It also treats burns caused by fire and has the effect of aborting pregnancy. Swallowing seven grains with wine is particularly effective for inducing labor. Decoction of tender leaves, branches, and pods as tea removes head wind, brightens the eyes, and nourishes the brain. Old pods guide out wind-heat and can also be crushed and decocted for consumption. Huai Bai Pi (Sophorae Cortex)
Effective for skin numbness. Eliminates yin hernia and testicular swelling, clears intense fever, convulsions, and epilepsy. The stems and leaves have similar functions and generally treat toxic sores. Applied as a paste after boiling, or decocted for mouth rinsing to treat dental wind-carries caries. Huai Gen (Sophorae Radix)
Can be made into divine candles for burning; still treats throat obstruction with alternating chills and fever. Washing sores with branches stops itching; rubbing teeth with them kills parasites. Huai Hua (Sophorae Flos)
Clears heat. Regulates intestinal wind with bleeding and skin wind,
stops hemorrhoidal bleeding as well as bloody and white dysentery. Removes sudden epigastric pain, kills roundworms in the abdomen and viscera. Huai Jiao (Sophorae Gum)
Treats phlegm induced by various wind patterns; can be taken as a decoction, powder, or pill. Relieves limb immobility due to wind-bi, disperses wind-toxin causing sensations like insects crawling on the body. It shows special efficacy for locked-jaw acute wind and immediate effects for head wind injuries. Huai Er (Sophorae Polyporus) is a fungus growing on the tree. Those hard like *Sang Er* (Morus polyporus) are of good quality; grind into fine powder and take with wine. Removes painful sores in the female vagina, treats blood flow from hemorrhoids in the anal canal.

Zhi Shi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus)
Bitter and sour in taste; cold in nature. Thin in flavor but strong in qi, belonging to Yin, with slight Yang within Yin. Non-toxic. Grows in Shangzhou (Henan province), resembling a very small orange.
Select those resembling goose eyes, dark in color and aged, as good quality. (Also grows in nearby regions. One variety is colloquially called "stinky orange," with slightly green peel, unsuitable for medicinal use. Market vendors often pass off green-skinned ones as genuine to deceive the public for profit, which is harmful rather than beneficial. Therefore, for medicinal use, only black ones are considered authentic.) Hollow out the inner pith, slice, and stir-fry with wheat bran. It is originally the same substance as Zhi Ke (Aurantii Fructus), named differently due to harvesting time. Zhi Shi is harvested in autumn, Zhi Ke in winter. Current physicians do not rigidly adhere to this distinction, judging based on thickness and size: thick and small fruits are Zhi Shi, complete and large fruits are Zhi Ke. Zhi Ke is larger, with milder properties, treating upper areas; the upper area governs Qi, affecting the chest and diaphragm. Zhi Shi is smaller, with potent properties, acting rapidly to treat lower areas; the lower area governs Blood, affecting the heart and abdomen. Thus, chest fullness/stagnation results from Lung Qi stagnation, treated with Jiegeng Zhike Tang (Platycodon and Aurantii Fructus Decoction); subcardiac fullness/stagnation results from Spleen Blood accumulation, treated with Baizhu Zhishi Tang (Atractylodes Macrocephala and Aurantii Fructus Immaturus Decoction). (Baizhu tonifies the Spleen, Zhishi removes Spleen channel blood stasis; without blood stasis, there is no stagnation.) This distinction between upper/lower and slow/fast was detailed by Li Dongyuan as the standard. It eliminates distension and fullness, digests retained food, breaks down hard accumulations, and transforms thick phlegm. To break Qi, combine with Qianni (Pharbitidis Semen), Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), and Mangxiao (Natrii Sulfas). To tonify Qi, combine with Renshen (Ginseng Radix), Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma). Zhang Zhongjing added it to Chengqi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction) to utilize its unblocking and breaking-aggregation power. Zhu Danxi included it in phlegm-draining formulas for its swift action akin to toppling walls. Bark treats wind-stroke causing stiff body unable to bend or stretch for long periods. Root bark treats hemorrhoidal bleeding and intestinal wind with visceral toxin. Tree trunk and bark collected together drive away water retention and wind-pain. Large Zhi Ke is also valued when aged. Select those turned inside out like a basin rim or lip, process by hollowing pith, slicing, and stir-frying with wheat bran.
Drains Lung Qi, relaxes the Large Intestine. Resolves Qi knotting in the chest, benefits both hypochondriac joints; breaks down phlegm-thirst and accumulations, pushes out retained food. Combined with Gancao (Licorice Root), it thins the fetus (i.e., Zhike San/Aurantii Fructus Powder). Combined with Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), it eliminates hemorrhoids (i.e., Lianke Wan/Coptis-Aurantii Pill). It damages the highest Qi; should not be taken continuously or in excess. Contraindicated entirely for those with deficiency, timidity, and劳伤 (labor injury/exhaustion).
(Note at the end of Qing Ju Pi section in Volume 7: [Mo] comments: Refer to this entry for comparison.)