喘则呼吸气急促，哮则喉中有响声，实热气粗胸满硬，虚寒气乏饮痰清。
【注】呼吸气出急促者，谓之喘急。若更喉中有声响者，谓之哮吼。气粗胸满不能布
息而喘者，实邪也，而更痰稠便硬者，热邪也。气乏息微不能续息而喘者，虚邪也，若
更痰饮清冷，寒邪也。
喘汗润发为肺绝，脉涩肢寒命不昌，喘咳吐血不得卧，形衰脉大气多亡。
【注】气多，谓出气多、入气少也。
华盖汤 千金定喘汤 葶苈大枣汤
外寒喘吼华盖汤，麻杏苏草橘苓桑，减苓加芩款半果，饮喘难卧枣葶方。
【注】外寒伤肺喘急，用华盖散。即麻黄、杏仁、苏子、甘草、橘红、赤茯苓，桑皮也。
根据本方减茯苓，加黄芩、款冬花、半夏、白果，名千金定喘汤，治哮吼表寒之喘。葶苈
大枣汤，治停饮不得卧之喘也。
萝皂丸 苏子降气汤
火郁喘急泻白散，痰盛作喘萝皂丸，蒌仁海石星萝皂，气喘苏子降气痊。
【注】面赤浮肿，谓之火郁之喘，宜泻白散。痰盛声急，谓之痰喘，宜萝皂丸。无痰
声急，谓之气喘，宜苏子降气汤。方在诸气门。
五味子汤 黑锡丹 肾气汤 人参理肺汤
气虚味麦参陈杏，虚寒黑锡肾气汤，日久敛喘参桔味，麻杏罂粟归木香。
【注】五味子汤，即五味子、麦冬、人参、陈皮、杏仁也。人参理肺汤，即人参、桔梗、
五味子、麻黄、杏仁、罂粟壳、当归、木香也。黑锡丹，方在浊带门。肾气汤，方在虚劳门。
The syndrome of *chuan* (wheezing/shortness of breath) is characterized by rapid and急促 (hurried) breathing. The syndrome of *xiao* (asthma with stridor) is characterized by sounds in the throat. Excess patterns involve heat and qi stagnation, manifesting as coarse breathing, chest fullness, and hardness. Deficiency patterns involve cold and qi deficiency, manifesting as lack of breath and clear phlegm-fluids.
[Note] When exhalation is rapid and hurried, it is called *chuan ji* (acute wheezing). If accompanied by sounds in the throat, it is called *xiao hou* (asthma with stridor). Coarse breathing, chest fullness, inability to distribute breath smoothly, and wheezing indicate an excess pathogen. If accompanied by thick phlegm and hard stool, it indicates a heat pathogen. Lack of breath, faint respiration, inability to continue breathing, and wheezing indicate a deficiency pathogen. If accompanied by clear and cold phlegm-fluids, it indicates a cold pathogen.
Wheezing accompanied by sweating and moistened hair indicates the exhaustion of Lung Qi. A choppy pulse and cold limbs indicate impending death. Wheezing, coughing, hemoptysis, and inability to lie flat, combined with emaciation and a large, scattered pulse, indicate the loss of vital qi.
[Note] "Excessive qi" refers to a state where exhaled qi is abundant while inhaled qi is scant.
Huagai Tang (Crown Cover Decoction), Qianjin Dingchuan Tang (Thousand Gold Decoction for Calming Wheezing), Tingli Dazao Tang (Descurainia Seed and Jujube Decoction).
For exterior cold causing wheezing and stridor, use Huagai Tang (composed of Ephedrae Herba [Mahuang], Armeniacae Semen Amarum [Xingren], Perillae Fructus [Suzi], Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma [Gancao], Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium [Juhong], Poria [Fuling], and Morus Cortex [Sangbai]). By reducing Fuling and adding Scutellariae Radix [Huangqin], Farflos Flos [Kuandonghua], Pinelliae Rhizoma [Banxia], and Ginkgo Semen [Baiguo], it becomes Qianjin Dingchuan Tang, used for wheezing due to asthma with exterior cold. Tingli Dazao Tang is used for wheezing caused by retained fluids preventing lying flat.
Luozao Wan (Radish and Soap Fruit Pill), Suzi Jiangqi Tang (Perilla Fruit Descending Qi Decoction).
For wheezing due to fire depression, use Xiebai San (Draining White Powder). For wheezing due to excessive phlegm, use Luozao Wan (composed of Trichosanthis Fructus [Louren], Pyritum [Haishi], Cyperi Rhizoma [Xiangfu], Raphani Semen [Luobozhong], and Gleditsiae Sinensis Fructus [Zaorou]). For wheezing without phlegm (Qi wheezing), Suzi Jiangqi Tang cures it.
Wuweizi Tang (Schisandra Decoction), Heixi Dan (Black Tin Pill), Shenqi Tang (Kidney Qi Decoction), Renshen Lifei Tang (Ginseng Lung-Nourishing Decoction).
For qi deficiency wheezing, use Wuweizi Tang (composed of Schisandrae Fructus [Wuweizi], Ophiopogonis Radix [Maidong], Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma [Renshen], Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium [Chenpi], and Armeniacae Semen Amarum [Xingren]). For deficiency-cold wheezing, use Heixi Dan or Shenqi Tang. For chronic wheezing requiring astringency, use Renshen Lifei Tang (composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma [Renshen], Platycodonis Radix [Jiegeng], Schisandrae Fructus [Wuweizi], Ephedrae Herba [Mahuang], Armeniacae Semen Amarum [Xingren], Papaveris Pericarpium [Yingsuke], Angelicae Sinensis Radix [Danggui], and Aucklandiae Radix [Muxiang]).
[Note] Wuweizi Tang consists of Wuweizi, Maidong, Renshen, Chenpi, and Xingren. Renshen Lifei Tang consists of Renshen, Jiegeng, Wuweizi, Mahuang, Xingren, Yingsuke, Danggui, and Muxiang. Heixi Dan is recorded in the section on turbid discharge and leukorrhea. Shenqi Tang is recorded in the section on consumptive disease.