有声曰咳有痰嗽，声痰俱有咳嗽名，虽云脏腑皆咳嗽，要在聚胃关肺中，胃浊脾湿
嗽痰本，肺失清肃咳因生，风寒火郁燥痰饮，积热虚寒久劳成。
【注】有声无痰曰咳，有痰无声曰嗽，有声有痰曰咳嗽。《内经》虽云∶五脏六腑皆令
人咳。而大要皆在聚于胃、关于肺也。因胃浊，则所游溢之精气，与脾湿所归肺之津液
皆不能清，水精之浊，难于四布，此生痰之本，为嗽之原也，肺居胸中，主气清肃。或
为风寒外感，或为痰热内乾清肃，有失降下之令，因气上逆而咳嗽也。久劳成，谓久病
咳嗽不已，伤肺成劳也。
参苏饮 芎苏饮 香苏饮 茯苓补心汤
参苏感冒邪伤肺，热寒咳嗽嚏痰涎，气虚用参实减去，二陈枳桔葛苏前，头痛加芎
喘加杏，芩因热入麻干寒，虚劳胎产有是证，补心四物量抽添。
【注】参苏饮，治感冒风寒伤肺，咳嗽、嚏唾痰涎、发热、恶寒也，即人参、苏叶、橘
红、半夏、茯苓、甘草、枳壳、桔梗、前胡、葛根也。形气虚者，必用人参，若形气实，减
去可也。若头痛，根据本方去人参，以前胡易柴胡加川芎，名芎苏饮。若喘嗽，根据本方去
人参加杏仁，名杏苏饮。若内有热，加黄芩，有寒加麻黄、干姜。若虚劳之人，及胎前产
后而有是病，根据本方合四物汤，名茯苓补心汤，量其虚实、寒热加减可也。
泻心散 葶苈泻白散
泻白肺火郁气分，喘咳面肿热无痰，桑骨甘草寒麻杏，血分加芩热甚连，咳急呕逆
青橘半，郁甚失音诃桔添，停饮喘嗽不得卧，加苦葶苈效通仙。
【注】泻白散，即桑皮、地骨皮、甘草也。治喘嗽面肿，无痰身热，是为肺经火郁气分。
若无汗，是为外寒郁遏肺火，加麻黄、杏仁
以发之。若无外证惟面赤，是为肺经火郁血分，加黄芩。内热甚者，更加黄连以清之。咳
急呕逆者，加青皮、橘红、半夏以降之。火郁甚而失音者，加诃子肉，桔梗以开之。若
喘嗽面浮不得卧者，是为兼有停饮，加苦葶苈以泻之，名葶苈泻白散。
清肺汤
清肺肺燥热咳嗽，二冬母草橘芩桑，痰加蒌半喘加杏，快气枳桔敛味良。
【注】清肺汤，即麦冬、天冬、知母、贝母、甘草、橘红、黄芩、桑皮也。有痰燥而
难出，加栝蒌子。痰多加半夏，喘加杏仁，胸膈气不快加枳壳、桔梗，久则宜敛，加五味
子。
清燥救肺汤
喻氏清燥救肺汤，肺气虚燥郁咳方，参草麦膏生气液，杏枇降逆效功长，胡麻桑叶
阿润燥，血枯须加生地黄，热甚牛黄羚犀角，痰多贝母与蒌霜。
【注】喻氏，喻嘉言也。枇，枇杷叶也。羚犀，羚羊角，犀角也。蒌霜，栝蒌霜也。
透罗丹 泻肺丸
寒实痰清透罗丹，咳时涎壅气出难，巴杏大牵皂半饼，热实痰稠泻肺丸。
【注】寒实痰盛涎清，热实痰盛稠粘，皆能令人咳嗽。嗽时痰涎顿壅，气闭难出。寒
实者用透罗丹，即巴豆、杏仁、大黄、牵牛、皂角、半夏共为末，蒸饼为小丸，量服，方
出《丹溪心法附余》。热实者，宜泻肺丸，方见失血门。
人参泻肺汤
积热伤肺宜泻肺，喘嗽痰多粘色黄，胸膈满热大便涩，凉膈枳桔杏参桑。
【注】人参泻肺汤，即凉膈散，栀子、连翘、薄荷、黄芩、大黄、甘草、枳壳、桔梗、
杏仁、人参、桑皮也。
钟乳补肺汤
补肺虚寒喘嗽血，皮毛焦枯有多年，生脉菀款桑皮桂，钟英糯米枣姜煎。
【注】补肺汤，即人参、麦冬、五味子、款冬花、紫菀、桑皮、桂枝、钟乳石、白石
英、糯米、大枣、生姜也。
人参养肺汤
养肺平剂肺气虚，劳久喘嗽血腥宜，参草杏阿知母枣，乌梅罂粟骨桑皮。
【注】人参养肺汤，为治肺气虚损久劳，不寒不热之平剂也。其方即人参、炙草、杏
仁、阿胶、知母、大枣、乌梅、罂粟壳、地骨皮、桑皮也。
清宁膏 太平丸
咳嗽痰血清宁治，甘桔麦地橘龙圆，薏米川贝薄荷末，血过于痰太平丸。
【注】咳嗽痰少血多，用太平丸。方，诸书俱有。
琼玉膏 杏酥膏
琼玉膏治肺虚劳，肺痿干嗽咳涎滔，生地膏蜜参苓末，不虚燥蜜杏酥膏。
【注】琼玉膏治虚燥，先以生地煎膏，后入炼白蜜、人参、茯苓末，搅成膏。杏酥膏治不虚
而燥，以杏仁霜、奶酥油、炼白蜜，溶化合膏。
[There is sound called "Ke" (cough without phlegm), there is phlegm called "Sou" (sputtering with phlegm), both sound and phlegm are called "Ke Sou" (cough). Although it is said that all internal organs can cause cough, the key lies in accumulation in the Stomach and relation to the Lung. Turbid Stomach and damp Spleen are the root of phlegm; loss of Lung's clear descending function causes cough. External wind-cold, internal fire stagnation, dryness, phlegm-fluid retention, accumulated heat, deficiency-cold, and long-term overwork lead to this condition.]
Note: Coughing with sound but no phlegm is called "Ke"; sputtering with phlegm but no sound is called "Sou"; both sound and phlegm are called "Ke Sou". Although *Nei Jing* states: "The five Zang and six Fu organs all cause cough," the main principle is that pathogens accumulate in the Stomach and relate to the Lung. Because Stomach Qi is turbid, the essence and qi that float and overflow, along with the fluids returning to the Lung due to Spleen dampness, cannot remain pure. The turbidity of water and essence makes it difficult to distribute throughout the body; this is the root of phlegm generation and the origin of "Sou." The Lung resides in the chest and governs the clear, descending nature of Qi. It may be caused by external contraction of wind-cold, or by internal disturbance of phlegm-heat interfering with the clear descending nature, leading to a loss of its descending command, causing Qi to rebel upward and resulting in cough. "Long-term overwork" refers to prolonged coughing that injures Lung Qi, leading to "Lung Lao" (consumptive disease).
Shensu Yin (Ginseng and Perilla Decoction), Xiongsu Yin (Ligusticum and Perilla Decoction), Xiangsu Yin (Aucklandia and Perilla Decoction), Fuling Buxin Tang (Poria Nourishing Heart Decoction)
Shensu Yin treats cold damage where wind-cold injures the Lung, presenting with fever, aversion to cold, cough, sneezing, and expectoration of saliva/phlegm. If Qi is deficient, use Ren Shen (Ginseng); if constitution and Qi are solid, remove Ren Shen. The formula contains Er Chen Tang (Two-Cured Decoction), Zhi Ke (Aurantium Fructus), Jie Geng (Platycodon Radix), Ge Gen (Puerariae Radix), Zi Su Ye (Perillae Folium), Qian Hu (Peucedani Radix). For headache, add Chuan Xiong (Ligusticum Rhizoma); for wheezing, add Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum); if heat enters interior, add Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix); if cold, add Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) and Gan Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma). For patients with Xiao Lao (chronic consumptive disease), or those before delivery or postpartum presenting these symptoms, combine this formula with Si Wu Tang (Four Substances Decoction), named Fuling Buxin Tang, adjusting dosage according to deficiency/excess and cold/heat.
Note: Shensu Yin treats cold damage where wind-cold injures the Lung, with symptoms of cough, sneezing, expectoration of saliva/phlegm, fever, and aversion to cold. Its ingredients are Ren Shen (Panacis Ginseng Radix), Zi Ye (Perillae Folium), Ju Hong (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Rubrum), Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma), Fu Ling (Poria), Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Zhi Ke (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix), Qian Hu (Peucedani Radix), Ge Gen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix). Those with deficient form and Qi must use Ren Shen; if form and Qi are solid, it can be removed. If there is headache, based on the original formula, remove Ren Shen, replace Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix) with Qian Hu, and add Chuan Xiong (Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma), named Xiongsu Yin. If there is wheezing and cough, based on the original formula, remove Ren Shen and add Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), named Xingsu Yin. If there is internal heat, add Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix); if there is cold, add Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) and Gan Jiang (Zingiberis Recens Rhizoma). If it is a person with Xiao Lao, or someone before or after childbirth having this disease, combine the original formula with Si Wu Tang (Four Substances Decoction), named Fuling Buxin Tang, adjusting according to their deficiency/excess and cold/heat.
Xixin San (Heart-Purging Powder), Tingli Xiebai San (Descurainia White-Lung-Purging Powder)
Xiebai San treats Lung fire stagnating in the Qi level, presenting with wheezing, cough, facial swelling, heat, and no phlegm. Ingredients include Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex), Di Gu Pi (Lycii Cortex), Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma). If there is no sweat, it indicates external cold suppressing Lung fire; add Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) and Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) to release the exterior. If there are no exterior symptoms but only a red face, it indicates Lung fire stagnating in the Blood level; add Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix). If internal heat is severe, add Lian Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma) to clear it. For urgent cough with vomiting and rebellious Qi, add Qing Pi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Ju Hong (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Rubrum), and Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) to direct Qi downward. If fire stagnation is severe causing loss of voice, add He Zi Rou (Terminalia Chebulae Arillus) and Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix) to open the orifice. If wheezing, cough, facial edema, and inability to lie flat occur, indicating fluid retention, add Ku Ting Li (Descurainiae Semen) to drain fluid, named Tingli Xiebai San, with miraculous efficacy.
Note: Xiebai San consists of Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex), Di Gu Pi (Lycii Cortex), and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma). It treats wheezing, cough, facial swelling, no phlegm, and body heat, which is Lung meridian fire stagnating in the Qi level. If there is no sweat, it is external cold suppressing Lung fire; add Ma Huang (Ephedrae Herba) and Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) to disperse it. If there are no exterior signs but only a red face, it is Lung meridian fire stagnating in the Blood level; add Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix). If internal heat is severe, add Lian Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma) to clear it. For urgent cough and vomiting/rebellious Qi, add Qing Pi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Ju Hong (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Rubrum), and Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) to descend it. For severe fire stagnation causing aphonia, add He Zi Rou (Terminalia Chebulae Arillus) and Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix) to open it. For wheezing, cough, facial edema, and inability to lie down, this indicates concurrent fluid retention; add Ku Ting Li (Descurainiae Semen) to purge it, named Tingli Xiebai San.
Qingfei Tang (Lung-Clearing Decoction)
Qingfei Tang treats cough due to Lung dryness-heat. Ingredients include Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix), Tian Dong (Asparagi Radix), Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Bei Mu (Fritillariae Bulbus), Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Ju Hong (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Rubrum), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix), Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex). For sticky phlegm hard to expectorate, add Gua Lou (Trichosanthis Fructus) and Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma); for wheezing, add Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum); for chest/diaphragm Qi stagnation, add Zhi Ke (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) and Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix); for chronic cases, astringent herbs like Wu Mei (Mume Fructus) are suitable.
Note: Qingfei Tang consists of Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix), Tian Dong (Asparagi Radix), Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Bei Mu (Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus), Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Ju Hong (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Rubrum), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix), and Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex). If phlegm is dry and hard to expectorate, add Gua Lou Zi (Trichosanthis Fructus Semen). If phlegm is copious, add Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma); if wheezing, add Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum); if chest/diaphragm Qi feels stagnant, add Zhi Ke (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) and Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix); for chronic conditions, astringents are appropriate, such as adding Wu Mei (Mume Fructus).
Qingzao Jiufei Tang (Dryness-Clearing Lung-Nourishing Decoction)
Yu Shi’s Qingzao Jiufei Tang is a formula for cough due to Lung Qi deficiency, dryness, and stagnation. It contains Ren Shen (Panacis Ginseng Radix), Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix), and Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) to generate Qi and fluids; Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) and Pi Pa Ye (Loquats Leaf) to direct Qi downward with long-lasting effect; Hu Ma (Sesami Semen), Sang Ye (Mori Folium), and E Jiao (Colla Corii Asini) to moisten dryness; add Sheng Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix) if Blood is depleted; add Niu Huang (Calculus Bovis), Ling Yang Jiao (Antilope Cornu), and Xi Jiao (Rhinocerotis Cornu) if heat is severe; add Bei Mu (Fritillariae Bulbus) and Lou Shuang (Trichosanthis Fructus Pulvis) if phlegm is copious.
Note: Yu Shi refers to Yu Jiayan. Pi refers to Pi Pa Ye (Eriobotryae Folium). Ling Xi refers to Ling Yang Jiao (Antilope Cornu) and Xi Jiao (Rhinocerotis Cornu). Lou Shuang refers to Lou Shuang (Trichanthis Fructus Pulvis).
Touluo Dan (Penetrating Net Pill), Xiefei Wan (Lung-Purging Pill)
For cold-excess with abundant clear phlegm, use Touluo Dan. During coughing, saliva/phlegm obstructs, making exhalation difficult. Ingredients include Ba Dou (Crotonis Fructus), Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Qian Niu (Pharbitidis Semen), Zao Jiao (Gleditsiae Sinensis Spina), and Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma), made into small pills with steamed dough, taken in measured doses. Source: *Danxi Xinfa Fuyu*. For heat-excess with thick phlegm, use Xiefei Wan.
Note: Cold-excess with abundant clear phlegm, and heat-excess with abundant sticky phlegm, both cause cough. During coughing, phlegm/saliva suddenly obstructs, closing Qi and making exhalation difficult. For cold-excess, use Touluo Dan, composed of Ba Dou (Crotonis Fructus), Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Qian Niu (Pharbitidis Semen), Zao Jiao (Gleditsiae Sinensis Spina), and Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma), ground into powder, formed into small pills with steamed dough, taken in measured doses. The formula is from *Danxi Xinfa Fuyu*. For heat-excess, use Xiefei Wan; see the Hemoptysis section for the formula.
Renshen Xiefei Tang (Ginseng Lung-Purging Decoction)
Accumulated heat injuring the Lung requires purging methods. Symptoms include wheezing, cough, copious sticky yellow phlegm, chest/diaphragm fullness and heat, and constipation. Formula includes Liangge San (Cooling the Chest Powder: Zhi Zi (Gardeniae Fructus), Lian Qiao (Forsythiae Fructus), Bo He (Menthae Haplocalycis Herba), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix), Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma)) plus Zhi Ke (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix), Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), Ren Shen (Panacis Ginseng Radix), and Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex).
Note: Renshen Xiefei Tang is essentially Liangge San, containing Zhi Zi (Gardeniae Fructus), Lian Qiao (Forsythiae Fructus), Bo He (Menthae Haplocalycis Herba), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix), Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Zhi Ke (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix), Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), Ren Shen (Panacis Ginseng Radix), and Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex).
Zhongru Bufeitang (Calcite Lung-Nourishing Decoction)
Tonifies Lung deficiency-cold causing wheezing, cough, and hemoptysis. Chronic cases show dry/withered skin and hair. Formula includes Shengmai San (Ren Shen, Mai Dong, Wu Wei Zi), Kuan Dong Hua (Farfarae Flos), Zi Wan (Asteris Radix), Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex), Gui Zhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus), Zhong Ru (Calcitum), Bai Shi Ying (Quartzum Album), Nu Mi (Oryzae Glutinosis Semen), Da Zao (Jujubae Fructus), and Sheng Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens) decocted together.
Note: Bufei Tang consists of Ren Shen (Panacis Ginseng Radix), Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix), Wu Wei Zi (Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus), Kuan Dong Hua (Farfarae Flos), Zi Wan (Asteris Radix), Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex), Gui Zhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus), Zhong Ru (Calcitum), Bai Shi Ying (Quartzum Album), Nu Mi (Oryzae Glutinosis Semen), Da Zao (Jujubae Fructus), and Sheng Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens).
Renshen Yangfei Tang (Ginseng Lung-Nourishing Decoction)
Renshen Yangfei Tang is a balanced formula for Lung Qi deficiency, suitable for chronic overwork, wheezing, cough, and hemoptysis. Ingredients include Ren Shen (Panacis Ginseng Radix), Zhi Gan Cao (Prepared Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), E Jiao (Colla Corii Asini), Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Da Zao (Jujubae Fructus), Wu Mei (Mume Fructus), Ying Su Qiao (Papaveris Capsicum), Di Gu Pi (Lycii Cortex), and Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex).
Note: Renshen Yangfei Tang is a balanced formula treating Lung Qi deficiency and chronic consumptive disease, neither cold nor hot. The formula consists of Ren Shen (Panacis Ginseng Radix), Zhi Gan Cao (Prepared Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Xing Ren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum), E Jiao (Colla Corii Asini), Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Da Zao (Jujubae Fructus), Wu Mei (Mume Fructus), Ying Su Qiao (Papaveris Capsicum), Di Gu Pi (Lycii Cortex), and Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex).
Qingning Gao (Clearing Tranquility Paste), Taiping Wan (Great Peace Pill)
Cough with scant phlegm and blood is treated with Qingning Gao. Ingredients include Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix), Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix), Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix), Ju Hong (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Rubrum), Long Gu (Fossilia Ossis Mastodi), and Yuan Rou (Longan Arillus). Yi Yi Ren (Coicis Semen), Chuan Bei Mu (Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus), and Bo He (Menthae Haplocalycis Herba) are taken as powder. If blood exceeds phlegm, use Taiping Wan.
Note: For cough with scant phlegm and copious blood, use Taiping Wan. The formula is recorded in various texts.
Qiongyu Gao (Jade Essence Paste), Xingsu Gao (Apricot Butter Paste)
Qiongyu Gao treats Lung deficiency consumptive disease, Fei Wei (Lung Atrophy), dry cough, and profuse salivation. Made by decocting Sheng Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix) into paste, then adding refined white honey, Ren Shen (Panacis Ginseng Radix), and Fu Ling (Poria) powder, mixed into paste. For dryness without deficiency, use Xingsu Gao.
Note: Qiongyu Gao treats deficiency-dryness. First, decoct Sheng Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix) into a paste, then add refined white honey, Ren Shen (Panacis Ginseng Radix), and Fu Ling (Poria) powder, stirring into a paste. Xingsu Gao treats dryness without deficiency, made by melting Xing Ren Shuang (Armeniacae Semen Amarum Pulvis), milk butter, and refined white honey together into a paste.