案一 张某,女,38岁。门诊号:78893。
1964年8月1日初诊:两年来,食欲不振,近1个月来加重,恶心吐涎,腰困乏力,泄泻,喜热饮,白带清淡而多,舌苔白腻,脉缓。此为脾虚痰湿不化证。治宜健脾燥湿,化痰止泻。方用六君子汤加味:
党参7.5克生白术7.5克茯苓7.5克陈皮7.5克姜半夏7.5克砂仁4.5克蔻仁4.5克鸡内金6克
砂仁、蔻仁暖胃止呕以助消化,鸡内金消食导滞,陈皮、半夏燥湿化痰,和中降逆,理气止呕,生姜配半夏和胃降逆,温中除湿,化痰止呕。
二诊:服药3剂,诸症减轻,但仍感腹胀矢气,下腹拒按。上方加广木香行气止痛。
三诊:服药3剂,食欲增加,大便正常,惟月经来时腹痛。加香附6克,以理气解郁,调经止痛。
按:本例泄泻患者系脾虚不运,夹有痰湿,以致食欲不振,恶心吐涎,泄泻不止。方用六君子汤健脾燥湿化痰,加砂仁、蔻仁暖胃止呕以助消化,鸡内金消食导滞,姜半夏兼能温中降逆止呕。二诊、三诊加木香、香附以理气止痛,因妇人疾病多兼气郁气滞故也。
案二许某,男,27岁。门诊号:79212。
1964年10月5日初诊:黎明前即肠鸣腹痛,泄泻,泻后痛减。食后亦泻,每日3~4次,大便稀溏,泻后自觉舒适,遇冷加重。面色发黄,精神疲惫,四肢无力,腹喜按,舌苔薄白,脉缓。辨证为脾肾阳虚,脾虚为主之证。治宜脾肾双补。方用四君子汤、四神丸加减:
党参9克生白术7.5克干姜4.5克 肉桂4.5克补骨脂6克 肉豆蔻4.5克茯苓6克炙甘草6克
2剂,水煎服。
二诊:药后诸症大减,继服2剂,愈。
按:此证虽属脾肾阳虚之五更泻,但以脾虚为主。脾阳不振,无力运化水谷,故食后即泻,泻后而快,日泻数次,便下溏稀。加以肾阳虚衰,而致命门火不足,脾阳愈受损,则见黎明泄泻,神疲乏力,不能腐熟水谷而泄泻。方中党参、白术、茯苓、炙草健脾益气,渗湿止泻;干姜温中散寒治腹痛;补骨脂补肾壮阳,温脾止泻;肉豆蔻温中涩肠止泻;肉桂温补肾阳,温中逐寒。
案一陈某,男,45岁。门诊号:93075。
1965年10月12日初诊:腹痛泄泻,日行数次数月,腹喜按,舌苔薄白,脉沉迟。证属脾阳不振,湿困中焦。治宜健脾利湿。处方:
陈皮7.5克苍术7.5克茯苓6克泽泻6克生白术6克生白芍9克 肉桂4.5克炙草3克
二诊:服药2剂,腹痛泄泻大减。继服3剂,愈。
按:本例患者因脾阳不振,运化水湿无力,导致脾为湿困,久泻不止。方中苍术、白术、茯苓、泽泻健脾燥湿,益脾止泻;肉桂温中散寒,温补肾阳;白术平肝舒木,使脾健肝和;加甘草补脾缓急止痛,治中焦气虚,不思饮食,消化不良的大便溏泻;陈皮理气开胃。
案四 杨某,男,40岁。门诊号:31909。
1960年8月27日初诊:食欲不振数月。胃脘胀满,大便稀溏,日行3~4次,伴有睾丸胀痛,喜热饮食,舌苔薄白,脉迟缓。辨证属于脾虚寒盛证。治宜健脾温中。处方:
陈皮7.5克苍术7.5克白术7.5克吴茱萸6克小茴香4.5克橘核15克炙草3克
服药4剂,脘腹胀满、泄泻明显好转。继服4剂,诸症消失。
按:本例患者因脾虚寒盛,气机阻滞,故便稀,胃脘、睾丸胀痛。方中吴茱萸温胃散寒,疏肝醒脾暖肾,治脾肾阳虚引起的泄泻;小茴香温肾祛寒,治睾丸胀痛;重用橘核理气止痛;苍术、白术燥湿健脾;陈皮理气化痰。诸药共成温脾肾而祛寒,行气滞而燥湿之功效。
案五南某,女,32岁。门诊号:19457。
1959年8月10日初诊:腹痛泄泻5年,日行4~5次,食欲不振,时或恶心,饭后腹胀,泻后爽快,舌苔白腻,脉沉弦细。辨证属于脾阳不振,水湿停滞证。治宜扶脾利水。处方:
党参7.5克陈皮7.5克苍术6克生白术9克茯苓6克猪苓4.5克桂枝4.5克炙草3克
二诊:服药2剂,泄泻、腹满均减,大便日一行,但白带增多。上方加生山药15克,补骨脂4.5克,肉豆蔻4.5克,龙骨9克,生牡蛎9克,以温肾固涩。
三诊:腹胀、泄泻基本消失,白带大减。继服4剂,愈。
按:此案因脾虚湿盛,水湿不化,进而困扼脾阳,故泻下日久不止。本方取四君子汤助阳补气、益气健脾以治病之本;苍术、猪苓、桂枝利湿止泻以治其标。全方标本兼顾,健脾利湿而泻自止。
案六谷某,女,40岁。门诊号:58756。
1962年9月6日初诊:3年来,泄泻,每日4~6次,大便稀溏兼有少量粘液脓血,里急后重。某院始诊为痢疾,住院3个多月治疗无效。后又至某院查肠镜及下消化道造影,确诊为溃疡性结肠炎,结肠息肉。改请中医以芍药汤、桃花汤、四神丸等加减治疗1年多,仍无明显效果。又以乌梅丸加减治之,20余剂仍无效果。李老诊后,云:“除便痢脓血,里急后重外,尚见口疮,胃脘压痛,脉沉细。此乃寒积不化所致。治宜温中导滞。”处方:
附子3克木香9克香附9克乌药9克党参8克白术8克大黄3克干姜3克
l周1剂。
次日患者来诊,云无明显效果。李老云:无妨,下周再用药可也。l周后来诊,云:大便转为1日2次,脓血便消失。李老云:1周1剂可也,不可多服,此乃候气之来复意。共服4剂,愈。
按:此案属典型的虚中夹实、寒多热少证,应用理中大黄汤加减。全方以温补为主,意在用重剂温脾阳,健脾气,以治病之本,少量佐用苦寒之大黄,一可泄热,二可通用,泻下寒积,以治病之标。全方重点突出,标本兼顾,寒热并用,攻补兼施,用量比例恰到好处,实乃治疗夹杂证之典范也。
从症状的鉴别诊治入手
初涉临床的学者,最好以一个症状(选择症状时,必须是患者感觉最为明显突出者)作为主要目标,围绕这一症状,进一步探索有关征象,综合分析,以判定其属性,并确定相应的治法。今举一例如下:一泄泻患者,如有腹满拒按征象,审其属夹实证,即可于治泻方中加入枳实,甚则加人大黄;如畏寒,四肢不温,口不渴,或喜热饮者,其性属寒,宜加人干姜、附子;如黎明时泄泻者,为五更泻,宜加入补骨脂、肉豆蔻;若气短、倦怠乏力者,为气虚较甚,宜加入党参、黄芪。对其他症状的研究,亦是如此,一通八达,要在鉴别诊断和灵活应用上下功夫。同理,就是研究一张处方,也须把它的主要功能抓住,方不致在学习或应用中被它所迷惑。比如治湿温的方剂很多,学习者容易茫然,可以预为分析归纳,从应用上分类归纳,找出每个方子的功能特点,即易了然而运用自如。
热结旁流与食泻的鉴别
热结旁流是伤寒、温病阳明腑证的一种类型,其主要见症为阳明腑证(发热,不恶寒,或反恶热,神昏谵语,舌燥,日晡潮热,手足溅然汗出,腹中拒按等),兼大便稀水或粪水,其因是由于大肠燥屎不能排泄,刺激肠粘膜蠕动加速,所排泄的不是粪便,仅是由燥屎旁边挤出的少量水液。
热结旁流诊断的重点是腹部及少腹部拒按,此证与食泻(即由食滞引起的泄泻证)有相同之处,可以对比一下。食泻是因饮食失节所致,此证是由热邪侵入阳明而起;食泻排泄之物是稀粪,此证排泄之物是稀水;食泻拒按多在胃部,此证拒按多在结肠;食泻治宜消食导滞,方如保和丸,此证治宜峻下热结,方如承气汤类。
痢
疾
便脓有内痈、痢疾之分
大便出脓,可见于内痈及痢疾两类疾病,其发病原因、临床表现及病变机理均有不同,治则治法亦异,临床应加以鉴别。
内痈初起时,少腹部、脐部或胁部必有隐隐刺痛之症状。因内痈在下焦者,其脓已溃,均从大便而出,如少腹痈、小肠痈、胁痈、肝痈等,其脓已溃者,均从大便而出。李老认为,此证最宜在未成脓之先急予治疗,以免溃脓之险。症见隐隐刺痛胀满,脉沉滑数,甚则痛如锥刺,口渴之时,用丹皮汤加乳香、没药、紫荆、山甲珠等,急夺其血,使不酿为脓。
痢疾则必有里急后重,欲便不便,痢下赤白脓血为特征,且有明显的季节性,以夏秋之季多见。其中痢下白冻,或白多赤少者,多为湿重于热,邪伤气分,其病浅;若纯白清稀,或如胶冻如鼻涕者,为寒湿伤于气分;若白而滑脱者,多属虚寒;痢下赤冻,或赤多白少,多为热重于湿,邪伤血分,其病较深;痢下赤白相杂,多为湿热夹滞,阻于肠胃,深浅皆及;痢下色黄而深,秽臭者,为热证,或为积滞不化之实证;若色黄而浅,不甚臭秽者,多为寒证;痢下紫黑色者,多属瘀血,或为热伤血分,湿毒相瘀;若色紫暗而便质稀淡者,为阳虚;若色焦黑,便质浓厚异臭者,多属火盛;痢下五色相杂,其证有虚实之分。实证多因止涩太早,或因热毒留滞于中所致,症见里急后重较甚,脉实而有力,虚证则多为痢证迁延日久,脏腑之气耗伤,脾肾两亏所致,症见脐下急痛,频虚坐,脉弱无力等。痢疾的治疗,应据其证候的寒热虚实,确定相应的治疗原则。新感属实证、热证者,治宜清化湿热,调和气血,忌用收涩之品;若有表证者,兼以解表;里实热盛者,辅以泻下;内有食积者,治以消食导滞;久痢属虚证、寒证者,治以补虚温中,调理脾胃,收涩固脱以止痢;虚实夹杂者,治以攻补兼施之法。
消化性溃疡
溃疡病重治更重护养
“三个五"体现整体思想
消化性溃疡是一种慢性、全身性疾患,据好发部位主要分为胃溃疡与十二指肠溃疡。前苏联学者提出,溃疡病是整个机体的疾患,而不能仅看作是胃或十二指肠局部的病理。由于本病常倾向于反复发作,不少病人的病程可长达数十年之久,使患者长期陷于体力疲惫、精神困苦之中而难以根治。李老认为,本病国内外西医虽然发明了组织疗法、睡眠疗法、溶血疗法、封闭疗法等先进方法,但尚未提高到特效的阶段上来,西药疗法方面也没有跳出对症治疗、舍本逐末的框框。中医学强调整体思想,重病更重病人,既重治疗更重护养,认为人的生活习惯、周边环境及人的思想心理活动等都与疾病之治疗、预后密切相关,特别是溃疡病这类病因复杂、较难根治的全身性疾病,中医学注重整体的疗养思路,具有明显的优势,数千年积累起来的经验知识中有着无穷无尽的宝藏,尤其是与高级神经活动影响直接有关的各种疑难疾病,治疗经验更是丰富多彩。在对溃疡病的中医药治疗调养方面,相信是能够整理出一些东西来的,将之充实到现代医学中,可以丰富或提高本病在疗养方面的内容。总结多年来调治溃疡病的经验,结合前人有关论述,李老提出了综合治理、护养溃疡病的“三个五”综合方案,现分述如下: 一、医、护、药、食、患五协调方案 1.中西医协调。 2.医护协调。 3.医药协调。 4.医疗与饮食协调。 5.医患协调。 二、医者的五注意方案 1.注意患者思想情况和其他有关情况。 2.注意患者的病情变化及引起变化的原因。 3.注意用药是否合宜,有何副作用。 4.注意药品质量、配制和煎服法是否合于法度。 5.注意有无其他外界不良性刺激因素。 三、患者预防复发五注意事项 1.注意体力、脑力活动节制。体力勿使过度疲劳,疲劳则宜多加休息。脑力活动勿使过度紧张,勿多思虑、忧愁、悲伤、恼怒,勿受精神刺激,宜清心寡欲,多想愉快之事,使自己保持一种良好的心态。
2.随时或定时做气功。
3.起居外出注意调节衣被,以防感冒。
4.注意饮食调节,勿食刺激性饮食,如辣椒、酒类,勿零星随便寒热乱吃,勿过饱过饥,宜定时、定量食用富有营养、搭配合理的食品。
5.溃疡初愈,尚未完全巩固时期,应注意节制性欲,因为稍有过度对身体的康复都是有害的。
重症肝炎
重症肝炎 首当清利
继则健脾顾护胃气
现代医学急慢性肝炎、重症肝炎和肝硬化等肝脏疾病统称肝病。李老认为,中医所谓肝病包括黄疸、胁痛、积聚、臌胀等证,其形成原因可由外邪入侵、情志不舒、劳累过度、饮食不节等导致脾失健运,肝失疏泄,湿由内生,蕴久化热,陷营人血,遂见高热、烦躁、昏迷、抽搐、便血、衄血等症。尤其是重症坏死性肝炎,临床上来势凶猛,病情重,邪毒深,若不及时抢救,预后极差。故在治疗上,首当清利,效果良好。
附案:
张某,男,28岁。住院号:67—3542。
1964年3月7日初诊:患者3天前因过度劳累,诱发全身乏力、发热、恶心、呕吐、厌油食、尿黄尿赤、巩膜发黄、纳差等症。急查肝功:谷丙转氨酶1650单位,麝香草酚浊度试验20单位,麝香草酚絮状试验(++++),黄疸指数165单位,总胆红质15.3毫克%。肝叩诊在右胁下略小,脾未触及。临床诊断为重症肝炎,急性肝坏死。收入住院。
一诊:面目全身俱黄,黄如橘皮,皮肤瘙痒,尿黄赤,舌质红,苔黄腻,脉弦而数。证由脾失健运,湿热壅结肝胆而起,属中医急黄证。急当清利。处方:
茵陈20克金钱草10克赤芍20克生地20克黄芩8克黄连9克生大黄5克 陈皮10克生山楂15克炒莱菔子10克
生姜为引。
Background Information
Book: Li Hanqing Chapter: Main Text (6/50) Category: Comprehensive
Case 1 Zhang, female, 38 years old. Outpatient No.: 78893.
First visit on August 1, 1964: For two years, poor appetite; aggravated in the past month with nausea, vomiting of saliva, lower back soreness and fatigue, diarrhea, preference for hot drinks, abundant and clear vaginal discharge, white greasy tongue coating, and slow pulse. This is a syndrome of Spleen deficiency with failure to transform Phlegm-Dampness (Tan-Shi). The treatment should invigorate the Spleen, dry Dampness, resolve Phlegm, and stop diarrhea. Formula used: Liu Jun Zi Tang (Six Gentlemen Decoction) with modifications:
Dang Shen (Codonopsis Radix) 7.5g, Sheng Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 7.5g, Fu Ling (Poria) 7.5g, Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) 7.5g, Jiang Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma Preparatum) 7.5g, Sha Ren (Amomi Fructus) 4.5g, Kou Ren (Cardamomi Fructus) 4.5g, Ji Nei Jin (Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum) 6g.
Sha Ren and Kou Ren warm the Stomach, stop vomiting, and aid digestion; Ji Nei Jin promotes digestion and removes food stagnation; Chen Pi and Ban Xia dry Dampness, resolve Phlegm, harmonize the Middle Jiao, direct rebellious Qi downward, regulate Qi, and stop vomiting; Ginger paired with Ban Xia harmonizes the Stomach, directs rebellious Qi downward, warms the Middle to dispel Dampness, resolves Phlegm, and stops vomiting.
Second visit: After taking 3 doses, all symptoms alleviated, but still feeling abdominal distension and flatulence, and tenderness upon pressure in the lower abdomen. Add Guang Mu Xiang (Aucklandiae Radix) to the above formula to move Qi and relieve pain.
Third visit: After taking 3 doses, appetite increased, stool normalized, except for abdominal pain during menstruation. Add Xiang Fu (Cyperī Rhizoma) 6g to regulate Qi, relieve depression, regulate menstruation, and relieve pain.
Commentary: This patient with diarrhea suffers from Spleen deficiency failing to transport, complicated by Phlegm-Dampness, leading to poor appetite, nausea, vomiting of saliva, and persistent diarrhea. Liu Jun Zi Tang (Six Gentlemen Decoction) is used to invigorate the Spleen, dry Dampness, and resolve Phlegm. Sha Ren and Kou Ren are added to warm the Stomach, stop vomiting, and aid digestion; Ji Nei Jin promotes digestion and removes food stagnation; Jiang Ban Xia also warms the Middle, directs rebellious Qi downward, and stops vomiting. In the second and third visits, Mu Xiang and Xiang Fu are added to regulate Qi and relieve pain, as women's diseases often involve Qi stagnation and depression.
Case 2 Xu, male, 27 years old. Outpatient No.: 79212.
First visit on October 5, 1964: Bowel sounds and abdominal pain before dawn, followed by diarrhea, with pain relief after defecation. Diarrhea also occurs after meals, 3-4 times daily, with loose stools, feeling comfortable after defecation, worsening upon exposure to cold. Yellowish complexion, mental fatigue, weakness in limbs, abdomen prefers pressure, thin white tongue coating, and slow pulse. Differentiation indicates Kidney-Spleen Yang Deficiency, primarily Spleen deficiency. Treatment should tonify both Spleen and Kidney. Formula used: Si Jun Zi Tang (Four Gentlemen Decoction) and Si Shen Wan (Four Spirits Pill) with modifications:
Dang Shen (Codonopsis Radix) 9g, Sheng Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 7.5g, Gan Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma) 4.5g, Rou Gui (Cinnamomi Cortex) 4.5g, Bu Gu Zhi (Psoraleae Fructus) 6g, Rou Dou Kou (Myristicae Semen) 4.5g, Fu Ling (Poria) 6g, Zhi Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Preparatum) 6g.
Take 2 doses, decocted in water.
Second visit: Symptoms greatly reduced after medication; continued taking 2 more doses, cured.
Commentary: Although this syndrome belongs to Wugeng Xie (Fifth Watch Diarrhea) due to Kidney-Spleen Yang Deficiency, it is primarily Spleen deficiency. Spleen Yang is weak, unable to transform and transport food and fluids, causing immediate diarrhea after eating, relief after defecation, multiple loose stools daily. Combined with Kidney Yang deficiency leading to insufficient Mingmen Fire (Gate of Life), Spleen Yang is further damaged, resulting in dawn diarrhea, mental fatigue, weakness, and inability to "rot and ripen" food and fluids, causing diarrhea. Dang Shen, Bai Zhu, Fu Ling, and Zhi Cao in the formula invigorate the Spleen, benefit Qi, leach out Dampness, and stop diarrhea; Gan Jiang warms the Middle, disperses Cold, and treats abdominal pain; Bu Gu Zhi tonifies the Kidney, strengthens Yang, warms the Spleen, and stops diarrhea; Rou Dou Kou warms the Middle, astringes the Intestines, and stops diarrhea; Rou Gui warms and tonifies Kidney Yang, warms the Middle, and expels Cold.
Case 3 Chen, male, 45 years old. Outpatient No.: 93075.
First visit on October 12, 1965: Abdominal pain and diarrhea occurring several times daily for months, abdomen prefers pressure, thin white tongue coating, deep and slow pulse. Syndrome belongs to Spleen Yang not rising, Dampness trapping the Middle Jiao. Treatment should invigorate the Spleen and promote urination to remove Dampness. Prescription:
Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) 7.5g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 7.5g, Fu Ling (Poria) 6g, Ze Xie (Alismatis Rhizoma) 6g, Sheng Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 6g, Sheng Bai Shao (Paeoniae Radix Alba) 9g, Rou Gui (Cinnamomi Cortex) 4.5g, Zhi Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Preparatum) 3g.
Second visit: After taking 2 doses, abdominal pain and diarrhea greatly reduced. Continued taking 3 more doses, cured.
Commentary: This patient suffers from Spleen Yang weakness, inability to transform and transport water and Dampness, leading to the Spleen being trapped by Dampness and chronic diarrhea. Cang Zhu, Bai Zhu, Fu Ling, and Ze Xie in the formula invigorate the Spleen, dry Dampness, benefit the Spleen, and stop diarrhea; Rou Gui warms the Middle, disperses Cold, and tonifies Kidney Yang; Bai Zhu soothes the Liver and relaxes Wood, ensuring Spleen health and Liver harmony; adding Gan Cao tonifies the Spleen, relieves urgency and pain, treats Middle Jiao Qi deficiency, poor appetite, indigestion, and loose stools; Chen Pi regulates Qi and opens the appetite.
Case 4 Yang, male, 40 years old. Outpatient No.: 31909.
First visit on August 27, 1960: Poor appetite for several months. Epigastric fullness, loose stools, 3-4 times daily, accompanied by testicular distension and pain, preference for hot diet, thin white tongue coating, slow and delayed pulse. Differentiation belongs to Spleen deficiency with excessive Cold. Treatment should invigorate the Spleen and warm the Middle. Prescription:
Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) 7.5g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 7.5g, Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 7.5g, Wu Zhu Yu (Evodiae Fructus) 6g, Xiao Hui Xiang (Foeniculi Fructus) 4.5g, Ju He (Citri Reticulatae Semen) 15g, Zhi Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Preparatum) 3g.
After taking 4 doses, epigastric and abdominal fullness and diarrhea significantly improved. Continued taking 4 more doses, all symptoms disappeared.
Commentary: This patient suffers from Spleen deficiency with excessive Cold and Qi mechanism obstruction, causing loose stools and epigastric/testicular distension and pain. Wu Zhu Yu in the formula warms the Stomach, disperses Cold, soothes the Liver, awakens the Spleen, and warms the Kidney, treating diarrhea caused by Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency; Xiao Hui Xiang warms the Kidney, dispels Cold, and treats testicular distension and pain; heavy use of Ju He regulates Qi and relieves pain; Cang Zhu and Bai Zhu dry Dampness and invigorate the Spleen; Chen Pi regulates Qi and resolves Phlegm. All herbs together achieve the effect of warming Spleen and Kidney to dispel Cold, moving Qi stagnation, and drying Dampness.
Case 5 Nan, female, 32 years old. Outpatient No.: 19457.
First visit on August 10, 1959: Abdominal pain and diarrhea for 5 years, 4-5 times daily, poor appetite, occasional nausea, postprandial abdominal distension, feeling relieved after defecation, white greasy tongue coating, deep, wiry, and fine pulse. Differentiation belongs to Spleen Yang not rising, Water-Dampness stagnation. Treatment should support the Spleen and promote urination to remove Water. Prescription:
Dang Shen (Codonopsis Radix) 7.5g, Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) 7.5g, Cang Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 6g, Sheng Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 9g, Fu Ling (Poria) 6g, Zhu Ling (Polyporus) 4.5g, Gui Zhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus) 4.5g, Zhi Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Preparatum) 3g.
Second visit: After taking 2 doses, diarrhea and abdominal fullness decreased, stool once daily, but vaginal discharge increased. Added Sheng Shan Yao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma) 15g, Bu Gu Zhi (Psoraleae Fructus) 4.5g, Rou Dou Kou (Myristicae Semen) 4.5g, Long Gu (Fossilia Ossis Mastodi) 9g, Sheng Mu Li (Concha Ostreae) 9g to the above formula to warm the Kidney and astringe.
Third visit: Abdominal distension and diarrhea basically disappeared, vaginal discharge greatly reduced. Continued taking 4 more doses, cured.
Commentary: This case involves Spleen deficiency with excessive Dampness, failure to transform Water-Dampness, which subsequently traps and suppresses Spleen Yang, causing long-term persistent diarrhea. This formula takes Si Jun Zi Tang (Four Gentlemen Decoction) to assist Yang, benefit Qi, and invigorate the Spleen to treat the root; Cang Zhu, Zhu Ling, and Gui Zhi promote urination to remove Dampness and stop diarrhea to treat the branch. The entire formula addresses both root and branch, invigorating the Spleen and removing Dampness so that diarrhea stops naturally.
Case 6 Gu, female, 40 years old. Outpatient No.: 58756.
First visit on September 6, 1962: Diarrhea for 3 years, 4-6 times daily, loose stools mixed with small amounts of mucus, pus, and blood, tenesmus. Initially diagnosed as Dysentery (Li Ji) at another hospital, hospitalized for over 3 months with no effect. Later examined at another hospital with colonoscopy and lower gastrointestinal contrast study, diagnosed with Ulcerative Colitis and Colon Polyps. Changed to Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment with modified Shao Yao Tang (Peony Decoction), Tao Hua Tang (Peach Blossom Decoction), Si Shen Wan (Four Spirits Pill) etc. for over 1 year with no obvious effect. Treated with modified Wu Mei Wan (Mume Pill) for over 20 doses with no effect. After Dr. Li's diagnosis, he said: "Besides bloody dysenteric stools and tenesmus, there are also mouth ulcers, epigastric tenderness, and deep, fine pulse. This is caused by accumulation of Cold that fails to transform. Treatment should warm the Middle and guide out stagnation." Prescription:
Fu Zi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata) 3g, Mu Xiang (Aucklandiae Radix) 9g, Xiang Fu (Cyperī Rhizoma) 9g, Wu Yao (Linderae Radix) 9g, Dang Shen (Codonopsis Radix) 8g, Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) 8g, Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) 3g, Gan Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma) 3g.
One dose per week.
The next day the patient came for consultation, saying there was no obvious effect. Dr. Li said: It doesn't matter, you can take medicine again next week. One week later, the patient came for consultation, saying: Stool frequency changed to twice a day, bloody stools disappeared. Dr. Li said: One dose per week is sufficient, do not take too much; this is waiting for the recovery of Qi. Taken 4 doses in total, cured.
Commentary: This case is a typical syndrome of deficiency mixed with excess, with more Cold than Heat, requiring modified Li Zhong Da Huang Tang (Regulate the Middle with Rhubarb Decoction). The entire formula focuses on warming and tonifying, intending to use heavy doses to warm Spleen Yang and strengthen Spleen Qi to treat the root, with a small amount of bitter-cold Da Huang as an adjunct to clear Heat, facilitate general movement, and purge Cold accumulation to treat the branch. The formula highlights key points, addresses both root and branch, combines Cold and Heat, and applies both attacking and tonifying methods, with dosage proportions just right, truly serving as a model for treating mixed syndromes.
Starting from Symptom Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Scholars newly entering clinical practice would be best served by selecting one symptom (when choosing a symptom, it must be the most prominent and noticeable to the patient) as the main goal. Around this symptom, further explore related signs, comprehensively analyze them to determine their nature, and establish corresponding treatments. An example is given below: For a patient with diarrhea, if there is abdominal fullness and tenderness upon pressure, judging it as involving excess, one can add Zhi Shi (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) to the diarrhea formula, or even add Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma); if there is aversion to cold, cold limbs, no thirst, or preference for hot drinks, its nature is Cold, and Gan Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma) and Fu Zi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata) should be added; if diarrhea occurs at dawn, it is Wugeng Xie (Fifth Watch Diarrhea), and Bu Gu Zhi (Psoraleae Fructus) and Rou Dou Kou (Myristicae Semen) should be added; if there is shortness of breath, fatigue, and weakness, indicating severe Qi deficiency, Dang Shen (Codonopsis Radix) and Huang Qi (Astragali Radix) should be added. The same applies to the study of other symptoms; mastering one leads to understanding many, requiring effort in differential diagnosis and flexible application. Similarly, when studying a prescription, one must grasp its main function to avoid being confused by it in learning or application. For example, there are many formulas for treating Damp-Warmth (Shi Wen), which may confuse learners. One can pre-analyze and summarize, classify based on application, find the functional characteristics of each formula, making it easy to understand and apply freely.
Differentiation between Re Jing Pang Liu (Heat Binding with Side Flow) and Shi Xie (Food Diarrhea)
Re Jing Pang Liu (Heat Binding with Side Flow) is a type of Yangming Fu Organ Syndrome in Shang Han (Cold Damage) and Wen Bing (Warm Diseases). Its main manifestations include Yangming Fu Organ Syndrome (fever, aversion to heat rather than cold, delirium, dry tongue, tidal fever in the afternoon, sweating on hands and feet, abdominal tenderness upon pressure, etc.), combined with watery stool or fecal water. The cause is that dry feces in the large intestine cannot be excreted, stimulating accelerated intestinal mucosa peristalsis. What is excreted is not feces, but only a small amount of liquid squeezed out from beside the dry feces.
The focus of diagnosing Re Jing Pang Liu is tenderness upon pressure in the abdomen and hypogastrium. This syndrome has similarities with Shi Xie (diarrhea caused by food stagnation), which can be compared. Shi Xie is caused by irregular diet, while this syndrome arises from Heat pathogen invading Yangming; the excrement in Shi Xie is loose stool, while in this syndrome it is watery fluid; tenderness upon pressure in Shi Xie is mostly in the stomach region, while in this syndrome it is mostly in the colon; Shi Xie treatment should promote digestion and remove stagnation, using formulas like Bao He Wan (Preserve Harmony Pill), while this syndrome treatment should vigorously purge Heat binding, using formulas like Cheng Qi Tang (Order the Qi Decoction) category.
Dysentery (Li Ji)
Differentiating Pus in Stool: Internal Abscess vs. Dysentery
Pus in the stool can be seen in two types of diseases: Internal Abscess (Nei Yong) and Dysentery (Li Ji). Their causes, clinical manifestations, and pathological mechanisms differ, and treatment principles and methods also differ; they should be differentiated clinically.
At the initial stage of Internal Abscess, there must be vague, stabbing pain in the hypogastrium, umbilical region, or hypochondrium. For internal abscesses in the Lower Jiao, once the pus has ruptured, it all exits through the stool, such as in hypogastric abscess, small intestine abscess, hypochondrial abscess, liver abscess, etc., where ruptured pus exits via the stool. Dr. Li believes that this syndrome is best treated urgently before pus formation to avoid the danger of pus rupture. Symptoms include vague stabbing pain and fullness, deep slippery rapid pulse, or even pain like needle piercing, thirst. Use Dan Pi Tang (Moutan Decoction) plus Ru Xiang (Olibanum), Mo Yao (Myrrha), Zi Jing (Cinnabaris), Shan Jia Zhu (Spina Gleditsiae Preparated), etc., to urgently drain the blood and prevent pus formation.
Dysentery (Li Ji) must feature tenesmus, desire to defecate without success, and passage of red and white pus and blood as characteristics, with obvious seasonality, commonly seen in summer and autumn. Among these, dysenteric discharge of white jelly-like substance, or more white than red, usually indicates Dampness heavier than Heat, pathogen injuring the Qi level, shallow disease; if purely white and thin, or like jelly or nasal mucus, it is Cold-Dampness injuring the Qi level; if white and slipping/prolapsing, it mostly belongs to Deficiency-Cold; dysenteric discharge of red jelly-like substance, or more red than white, usually indicates Heat heavier than Dampness, pathogen injuring the Blood level, deeper disease; mixed red and white discharge usually indicates Damp-Heat mixed with stagnation, obstructing the Stomach and Intestines, affecting both shallow and deep levels; yellow and dark, foul-smelling discharge indicates Heat syndrome or Excess syndrome of stagnation failing to transform; if yellow and pale, not very foul, it mostly indicates Cold syndrome; purple-black discharge mostly belongs to Blood Stasis, or Heat injuring Blood level with Damp-Toxin stasis; if purple-dark and stool texture thin/light, it indicates Yang Deficiency; if charred black and stool texture thick/foul, it mostly indicates Fire Excess; mixed five-color discharge has differentiation between Excess and Deficiency. Excess syndrome is mostly due to premature astringency or Heat-Toxin lingering inside, presenting with severe tenesmus, strong and forceful pulse; Deficiency syndrome is mostly due to prolonged dysentery consuming Zang-Fu Qi, Spleen and Kidney dual deficiency, presenting with urgent pain below the umbilicus, frequent empty sitting, weak and powerless pulse. Treatment of Dysentery should determine corresponding treatment principles based on the Cold/Heat/Excess/Deficiency of the syndrome. New onset belonging to Excess/Heat syndrome should be treated by clearing and transforming Damp-Heat, harmonizing Qi and Blood, avoiding astringent products; if there is Exterior syndrome, combine with releasing the Exterior; if Interior Excess-Heat is severe, assist with purging; if there is Food Stagnation inside, treat by promoting digestion and removing stagnation; chronic dysentery belonging to Deficiency/Cold syndrome should be treated by tonifying deficiency, warming the Middle, regulating Spleen and Stomach, and astringing to secure collapse and stop dysentery; mixed Excess/Deficiency should be treated by combining attacking and tonifying methods.
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer Disease: Emphasis on Treatment and Care
"The Three Fives" Reflect Holistic Thought
Peptic ulcer is a chronic, systemic disease. Based on common sites, it is mainly divided into gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Soviet scholars proposed that ulcer disease is a disease of the entire organism, not just a local pathology of the stomach or duodenum. Since this disease tends to recur frequently, many patients' course can last for decades, keeping patients in a state of physical exhaustion and mental distress, difficult to cure radically. Dr. Li believes that although Western medicine at home and abroad has invented advanced methods such as tissue therapy, sleep therapy, hemolysis therapy, and block therapy for this disease, they have not yet reached the stage of specific efficacy, and Western drug therapy has not broken out of the framework of symptomatic treatment and neglecting the root for the branch. Traditional Chinese Medicine emphasizes holistic thought, valuing the patient more than the disease, emphasizing care alongside treatment. It believes that people's living habits, surrounding environment, and psychological activities are closely related to disease treatment and prognosis. Especially for systemic diseases with complex causes and difficulty in radical cure like ulcer disease, Traditional Chinese Medicine's focus on holistic convalescence thinking has obvious advantages. There is endless treasure in thousands of years of accumulated experiential knowledge, especially various difficult diseases directly related to higher nervous activity influence, with rich treatment experiences. Regarding the treatment and care of ulcer disease with Chinese and Western medicine, it is believed that some things can be organized, enriching or improving the content of convalescence for this disease in modern medicine. Summarizing years of experience in adjusting and treating ulcer disease, combined with previous relevant discussions, Dr. Li proposed a comprehensive "Three Fives" plan for comprehensive management and care of ulcer disease, described as follows:
I. Five Coordination Plan of Doctor, Nurse, Medicine, Food, Patient
1. Coordination of Chinese and Western medicine.
2. Coordination of doctor and nurse.
3. Coordination of medicine and pharmacy.
4. Coordination of medical treatment and diet.
5. Coordination of doctor and patient.
II. Five Attention Plan for Doctors
1. Pay attention to the patient's ideological situation and other relevant conditions.
2. Pay attention to changes in the patient's condition and the causes of changes.
3. Pay attention to whether medication is appropriate and what side effects there are.
4. Pay attention to whether drug quality, preparation, and decoction/administration methods comply with standards.
5. Pay attention to whether there are other adverse external stimulating factors.
III. Five Precautions for Patients to Prevent Recurrence
1. Pay attention to moderation in physical and mental activities. Avoid excessive physical fatigue; rest more if fatigued. Avoid excessive tension in mental activities; do not overthink, worry, grieve, or anger; avoid mental stimulation; maintain pure heart and few desires, think more of happy things, maintaining a good mindset.
2. Practice Qigong at any time or regularly.
3. Adjust clothing and bedding when getting up, going out, or sleeping to prevent colds.
4. Pay attention to dietary regulation; do not eat stimulating foods like chili peppers and alcohol; do not eat randomly hot and cold foods; avoid overeating or hunger; eat nutritious, reasonably matched foods at regular times and fixed amounts.
5. During the initial healing period of ulcers, before complete consolidation, pay attention to moderating sexual desire, as any excess is harmful to physical recovery.
Severe Hepatitis
Severe Hepatitis: First Clear and Drain
Then Invigorate Spleen and Protect Stomach Qi
Modern medicine collectively refers to acute and chronic hepatitis, severe hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis as liver diseases. Dr. Li believes that liver diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine include Jaundice (Huang Dan), Hypochondriac Pain (Xie Tong), Accumulation and Mass (Ji Ju), and Distension (Gu Zhang). Their formation can be caused by invasion of external pathogens, emotional discomfort, overwork, irregular diet, etc., leading to Spleen failing to transport and transform, Liver failing to disperse and descend, Dampness generated internally, accumulating and transforming into Heat over time, sinking into Ying and Blood levels, thus seeing high fever, irritability, coma, convulsions, hematochezia, epistaxis, etc. Especially severe necrotizing hepatitis, which comes violently in clinic, has severe condition, deep pathogenic toxins, and if not rescued in time, prognosis is extremely poor. Therefore, in treatment, first clear and drain, with good results.
Attached Case:
Zhang, male, 28 years old. Inpatient No.: 67-3542.
First visit on March 7, 1964: The patient developed whole-body fatigue, fever, nausea, vomiting, aversion to oily food, yellow urine, red urine, scleral icterus, and poor appetite due to overwork 3 days ago. Emergency liver function test: ALT 1650 units, Thymol Turbidity Test 20 units, Thymol Flocculation Test (+++), Jaundice Index 165 units, Total Bilirubin 15.3 mg%. Liver percussion slightly smaller under right hypochondrium, spleen not palpable. Clinically diagnosed as Severe Hepatitis, Acute Liver Necrosis. Admitted to hospital.
First visit: Face, eyes, and whole body yellow, yellow like orange peel, skin itching, yellow-red urine, red tongue body, yellow greasy coating, wiry and rapid pulse. Syndrome arises from Spleen failing to transport and transform, Damp-Heat congesting Liver and Gallbladder, belonging to TCM Ji Huang (Acute Jaundice) syndrome. Urgently clear and drain. Prescription:
Yin Chen (Artemisiae Scopariae Herba) 20g, Jin Qian Cao (Lysimachiae Herba) 10g, Chi Shao (Paeoniae Radix Rubra) 20g, Sheng Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix) 20g, Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) 8g, Huang Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma) 9g, Sheng Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) 5g, Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) 10g, Sheng Shan Zha (Crataegi Fructus) 15g, Chao Lai Fu Zi (Radish Seed Preparated) 10g.
Use fresh ginger as guide.