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According to the *Classic of Mountains and Seas* (*Shan Hai Jing*): It grows in the East Sea and the Kingdom of Kunlun. The flowers bloom in February and March, appearing purple and white. The fruit matures only in July. The larger fruits are called Mu Dingxiang (Mother Clove), and the smaller fruits are called Dingxiang (Clove). It primarily treats Feng Gan (pediatric disease characterized by facial sores and rotting), foul odor from Gu Cao Lao Chou (chronic inflammation of the alveolar bone causing halitosis), regulates Qi (vital energy), darkens beard and hair, kills parasites, treats five types of hemorrhoids, expels evil qi, treats nipple ulcers, stops Wuse Duli (severe dysentery with various colors), supports Zheng Qi (upright qi), and stops heart and abdominal pain. The bark can also treat toothache. (Referenced in *Daguan Bencao*, Vol. 12, p. 42; *Zhenghe Bencao*, p. 307; *Bencao Gangmu*, p. 1363)

Xu Biao's *Nanzhou Ji* records: It grows in the mountains of Nanhai, and it is also said to grow in Daqin (ancient term for Rome or West Asia). Its taste is warm, its nature is neutral, and it is non-toxic. It treats Tianxing Shiqi (epidemic febrile diseases) and strange phenomena in dwellings; burning it proves effective. Furthermore, according to immortal transmissions: Burning it can sometimes summon cranes to descend. When worshipping stars and planets, burning this incense is considered the most efficacious. Burning it alone yields extremely potent results; children wearing it can ward off evil qi. (Referenced in *Daguan Bencao*, Vol. 12, p. 48; *Zhenghe Bencao*, p. 310; *Bencao Gangmu*, p. 1366)

Respectfully consulting *Guang Zhi*: It originates from the cliffs of Ezhou, Yuezhou, and other prefectures. The tree is named Haiteng (Sea Vine). The flowers have stamens that scatter on rocks; locals collect them and call them Shahuang. Those harvested directly from the tree are light and exquisite, called Lacao. Its taste is sour and astringent, and it is toxic. It treats Ya Zhu Chi (dental caries); applying it causes teeth to fall out. The current term "Tonghuang" is erroneous, likely due to phonetic confusion between "Tong" (copper) and "Teng" (vine). In this regard, it is no different from collecting Shilei (Stone Tears, a mineral drug). Painters and alchemists use it occasionally. (Referenced in *Daguan Bencao*, Vol. 12, p. 50; *Zhenghe Bencao*, p. 310; *Bencao Gangmu*, p. 1057)

Respectfully consulting the *Book of Han*: During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, Western states presented Fanhun Xiang (Soul-Returning Incense). The *Wu Wang Nei Zhuan* (Inner Biography of King Wu) records: In the caves of Juqu Continent, there grows a Fanhun Tree. Its roots are collected and boiled in a cauldron with water. Once reduced to juice, the dregs are filtered out, and it is refined over intense fire until it resembles lacquer. Upon solidification, the incense is formed. Envoys from the Western Regions stated: This incense has six names. The Emperor asked: What are the six? One is Fanhun (Soul-Returning), one is Jingjing (Startling Essence), one is Huisheng (Reviving Life), one is Zhentan (Shocking Altar), one is Renmajing (Human-Horse Spirit), and one is Jiesixiang (Chastity-Death Incense). Burning an amount roughly the size of a bean allows those who have died from epidemic plagues to revive upon smelling the fragrance; hence it is called Fanhun Xiang. (Referenced in *Daguan Bencao*, Vol. 12, p. 50; *Zhenghe Bencao*, p. 310; *Bencao Gangmu*, p. 1381)