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Gancao Decoction (Licorice Root Decoction)
Licorice Radix et Rhizoma (Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata, Gancao) (2 liang)
Use three sheng of water, decoct to obtain one and a half sheng of liquid, remove the dregs, take seven ge warm, twice daily.
Wang Jin-san said: Using only one herb to treat disease is called a "Qi Fang" (Wonderful Formula).
Xu Hui-xi said: The great sweet taste is the true flavor of Earth, capable of restraining the fire of Kidney Water that overflows upward. Wang Pu-zhuang said: From the *Ling Shu* and *Su Wen* to the ancient formulas of the Han, Jin, Song, and Qi dynasties, whenever it says "one liang," it corresponds to seven fen six li of modern measurement. Whenever it says "one sheng," it corresponds to six shao seven chao of modern measurement. Wang's annotation: In Tang dynasty formulas, one liang equals three ancient liang.
My (Wang Shi-xiong) annotation: Ju-tong (Wu Ju-tong) always alters the dosages when citing ancient formulas, and the heaviness or lightness is very inappropriate. Students should examine this carefully.
My (Wang Shi-xiong) annotation: *Shanghan Leiyao* treats palpitations and knotted/intermittent pulse caused by Cold Damage. *Shengji Zonglu* treats tongue swelling obstructing the mouth. *Waike Jingyao* treats all carbuncles, sores, eruptions, and toxicity from Dan-stone and smoke/fire medicines. *Bingbu Shouji* treats xuan-yong (suspense abscess). *Zhizhi Fang* treats irritability and thirst from smallpox, as well as toxicity from insect and medicinal poisons. *Jinkui Yuhan* treats neonatal trismus (jaw locking) and emaciation in children. *Dexiao Fang* treats enuresis in children. All use a single herb, Licorice Radix et Rhizoma, as the formula. Its wonderful applications are numerous, generally not exceeding nourishing Yin, relieving urgency, clearing heat, and resolving toxicity. Wang's annotation: It also harmonizes the Middle and promotes urination.

Jiegeng Decoction (Platycodon Root Decoction)
Platycodon Root (Radix Platycodi, Jiegeng) (1 liang) Licorice Radix et Rhizoma (Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata, Gancao) (2 liang)
Use three sheng of water, decoct to obtain one sheng of liquid, remove the dregs, divide into two warm doses.
Zou Run-an said: Pathogenic heat from the Kidney travels upward along its meridian. The Lung cannot bear it, leading to conflict. If pathogenic heat is not yet intense after two or three days, Licorice can clear fire and cure the disease. If it does not heal, it is because the Lung orifices are blocked and Qi cannot be vented. Use Platycodon Root to open them. Once the Lung orifices are patent, Qi is vented, and heat naturally dissipates.
My (Wang Shi-xiong) annotation: Although named after Platycodon Root, Licorice is used in double amount to control the formula. Later generations correctly renamed it Gan-Jie Decoction (Licorice and Platycodon Decoction). However, one must assess the syndrome before administering; do not rigidly treat it as a universal formula for sore throat. Huang Jin-fang discussed this in *Yi'an Qiuzhen*. Physicians must know this.

Zhufu Decoction (Pig Skin Decoction)
Pig Skin (Zhufu) (1 jin)
My (Wang Shi-xiong) annotation: Remove the meat and fat from the pig skin, scrape it thin as paper. People in Hangzhou can make it, called "Rou," which can be used for food.
Use ten dou of water, decoct to obtain five sheng of liquid, remove the dregs, add one sheng of White Honey (Baimi) and five ge of White Powder (Baifen, i.e., rice flour, roasted until fragrant), mix well, divide into six warm doses.
Wang Jin-san said: The Kidney corresponds to the pig, and the Lung governs the skin/fur. When Kidney fluids leak downward and cannot steam upward to the Lung, causing dryness of collaterals and resulting in sore throat, Licorice alone cannot treat it. One should use Pig Skin to moisten the dryness of the Lung and Kidney, resolve deficiency-heat causing vexation. White Powder and White Honey moderate the Middle, allowing Pig Skin to guide fluids from the Kidney up to the Lung, along the throat, out from the Lung to connect with the Heart, and inject into the chest, thereby resolving dryness pathogens in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Jiao.

Huanglian Ejiao Decoction (Coptis and Donkey-hide Gelatin Decoction)
Coptis Rhizome (Rhizoma Coptidis, Huanglian) (4 liang) Scutellaria Root (Radix Scutellariae, Huangqin) (1 liang) Peony Root (Radix Paeoniae Alba, Shaoyao) (2 liang) Donkey-hide Gelatin (Colla Corii Asini, Ejiao) (3 liang) Egg Yolk (Jizihuang) (2 pieces)
Use five sheng of water, first decoct the three herbs, obtain two sheng of liquid, remove dregs; add Gelatin and melt completely, cool slightly; add Egg Yolk and stir until mixed. Take seven ge warm, three times daily.
Zou Run-an said: You Zai-jing stated: Cold in Yang meridians, when transforming into heat, returns to the Qi level; Cold in Yin meridians, when transforming into heat, returns to the Blood level. While some Yang meridians may return to Blood, heat in Yin meridians definitely does not return to Qi. Therefore, for heat-binding syndromes in the Three Yin, Da Chengqi Decoction is used exclusively, not Tiaowei Chengqi or Xiao Chengqi Decoction. If various diarrhea syndromes persist, pus and blood will appear in stools, which is the verification. Vexation in the heart and inability to sleep are heat signs. If these appear only after two or three days, it was not initially a heat syndrome. If present from the start, it indicates Yin deficiency. With Yin deficiency, one cannot simply purge fire. Since it appears now, it indicates Yang excess, requiring fire purging. However, this Yang excess arises from underlying Yin deficiency. Thus, Donkey-hide Gelatin, Peony Root, and Egg Yolk are all Yin-nourishing agents. Fire purging relies solely on Scutellaria and Coptis. Scutellaria is only one liang, while Coptis is four liang. Here, Coptis bears the primary role, acting as a purgative within a tonic formula.

Zhuling Decoction (Polyporus Decoction)
Polyporus (Poria Cum Ligno, Zhuling, peeled) Poria (Fu Ling) Alisma Rhizome (Rhizoma Alismatis, Zexie) Talcum (Hua Shi) Donkey-hide Gelatin (Colla Corii Asini, Ejiao) (each 1 liang)
Use four sheng of water, first decoct the four items, obtain two sheng of liquid, remove dregs; add Gelatin and melt completely. Take seven ge warm, twice daily.
Zhou Yu-zai said: Heat intense in the Bladder cannot be resolved by water alone. Why? Water has the function of quenching thirst but lacks the power to dispel heat. Therefore, Polyporus's bland leaching action is combined with Alisma's salty-cold nature, differing from Wuling San. Here, Atractylodes is replaced by Gelatin because the former relates to Qi and this to Blood; Cassia Twig is replaced by Talcum because the former addresses exterior conditions, while this eliminates internal heat. Thus, when accumulated water is removed, heat dissipates. When fluid-moistening substances are administered, thirst is eliminated.
Zou Run-an said: Pine trees stand tall and straight; maple trees are soft and easily shaken. Pine wood has coarse texture; maple wood is dense and fine. Pine needles remain green in winter without falling; maple leaves turn red and fall in winter. This shows their distinct soft and hard natures. Fu Ling belongs to Yang, treating stagnant water that does not transform via Yang. Zhuling belongs to Yin, treating surging water that does not transform via Yin. Hence, Zhang Zhongjing named the formula Zhuling Decoction for Shaoyin disease presenting with diarrhea, cough, vomiting, thirst, vexation, and insomnia. In contrast, Wuling San treats cases with or without thirst. When Fu Ling enters other formulas, it mostly treats non-thirsty cases. Thirst occurs when water vapor is pressured by Yang, seeking Yin harmony but failing. Giving Zhuling raises Yin Qi to harmonize Yang and transform water, like red maple leaves falling immediately.

Da Chengqi Decoction (Major Order the Qi Decoction)
Magnolia Bark (Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Houpo, peeled, processed) Immature Bitter Orange (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Zhishi, processed) Rhubarb Radix et Rhizoma (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Dahuang, wine-washed) Mirabilite (Natrii Sulfas, Mangxiao) (3 he)
Use one dou of water, first decoct Magnolia Bark and Immature Bitter Orange, obtain five sheng, remove dregs; add Rhubarb, decoct to obtain two sheng, remove dregs; add Mirabilite, boil gently for one or two boils, take warm in two doses. If bowel movement occurs, stop taking the remainder.
Zou Run-an said: Ke Yun-bo stated: Doubling Magnolia Bark over Rhubarb makes Da Chengqi Decoction; doubling Rhubarb over Magnolia Bark makes Xiao Chengqi Decoction. This suggests the "Chengqi" function lies in Immature Bitter Orange and Magnolia Bark, not Rhubarb. But Tiaowei Chengqi Decoction uses neither, yet is named Chengqi. Moreover, among the three Chengqi formulas, some use these barks/orange, some don't; some use Mirabilite, some don't; some use Licorice, some don't. Only Rhubarb is always used. Thus, the name "Chengqi" should belong to Rhubarb. Furthermore, Houpo Sanwu Tang is essentially Xiao Chengqi Decoction, with Magnolia Bark dosage even double that of Rhubarb, yet it lacks "Chengqi" in its name. Does this not show Chengqi is not in the bark/orange? Since the Jin-Yuan scholars interpreted "Cheng" as "following/subduing," Rhubarb's efficacy became obscured. Examining the *Shennong Bencao Jing*, Rhubarb is praised for moving blood. Combining this with the *Suwen* principle "Excess causes harm, subjugation brings regulation," Chengqi refers to Blood. Qi is the commander of Blood. Blood follows Qi in movement and stagnation. If Qi stagnates but Blood does not, it is Qi deficiency, not excess. Only when Qi stagnation affects Blood does Qi take Blood as its dwelling, and Blood defend against Qi. They conspire with retained food, steaming fluids into fire. At this point, only Rhubarb can strike the nest directly, destroying the dwelling. When Qi bound in Blood scatters, Immature Bitter Orange and Magnolia Bark can then perform their Qi-moving functions. This is why Rhubarb is called Chengqi.
My (Wang Shi-xiong) annotation: This aligns with my long-held view; Mr. Zou anticipated my thoughts. Wang's annotation: Rhubarb is inherently a Blood-level herb, confirming this theory is irrefutable.

Baitao Decoction (White Tiger Decoction)
Gypsum Fibrosum (Shigao) (1 jin) Anemarrhena Rhizome (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Zhimu) (6 liang) Licorice Radix et Rhizoma (Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata, Gancao, processed) Rice Grains (Jingmi) (6 ge)
Use one dou of water, cook until rice is tender and soup is ready, remove dregs, take one sheng warm, three times daily.
Fang Zhong-xing said: Baihu (White Tiger) is the Metal Spirit of the West, the Yin Beast governing Autumn. The tiger's roar brings cold valley winds; cool winds dissipate summer heat. Nothing clears heat better than the White Tiger. Gypsum and Anemarrhena are acrid, sweet, and cold. Acrid is the flavor of Metal; Cold is the nature of Metal. Acrid-sweet and cold-bodied, they embody the form of the White Tiger. Licorice and Rice are sweet, neutral, and warm. Sweet implies moderation; Warm implies harmony. Moderate and harmonious, they possess the utility of taming the tiger. Drinking this four-herb decoction summons the White Tiger's roar. Yang Qi is named after heaven's swift wind. Wind moves and tiger roars due to similar energies resonating; tiger roars and wind rises due to same sounds responding; wind rises and heat resolves due to natural laws. Comparing this with Qinglong and Zhenwu Decoctions, these four elements represent the divine spirits of the four directions. Naming it thus implies adapting the four seasons, miraculous for eternity, matching name and reality naturally. Such a formula is perfect. Yet it does not explicitly state its divinity, which remains unmasked, showing the gentleman's caution in virtue, hence the greatness of the Dao. Wang's annotation: The passage from "drinking the formed soup..." is disjointed and forced; it should be deleted. Baitao Decoction clears heat like sweet rain, not cool wind. If it prepares the spirits of four directions, why is the Vermilion Bird missing? Also, naming a heat-clearing formula Zhenwu creates a mismatch between name and substance. Physicians who fail to study medical principles resort to forcing interpretations of classics to mask ignorance, even inventing Taiji theories to deceive. This has nothing to do with syndrome differentiation and prescription. Since the Ming Dynasty, quackery has been common. Students beware.

Baitao Jia Renshen Decoction (White Tiger Plus Ginseng Decoction)
Original formula plus American Ginseng / Panax Ginseng (Ren Shen) (3 liang). Decoct and administer as above.
Zou Run-an said: In Cold Damage, if pulse is floating, fever without sweat, and exterior syndrome is unresolved, Baitao Decoction is contraindicated; Wang's annotation: Xu Hui-xi noted that "without sweat" is the greatest taboo for Baitao Decoction. If thirsty for water and no exterior syndrome exists, Baitao Jia Renshen Decoction is indicated. Thus, treatment focuses on thirst. Occasional aversion to wind differs from constant aversion. Slight aversion on the back differs from whole-body aversion. Constant aversion and whole-body chill constitute an exterior syndrome. Occasional aversion and slight back chill indicate exterior pathogen has transformed into heat but not fully cleared; this can be considered "no exterior syndrome." However, with heat rampant and fluids depleted, why use Ren Shen instead of Trichosanthes Root (Gualougen) for generating fluids and stopping thirst? The *Lingshu·Jueqi Chapter* states: "Sweat pouring from pores is called Jin (Fluids)." Jin is water, belonging to Yin. Reaching outward and upward transforms into Yang. This is called "Yang within Yin." Ren Shen is also "Yang within Yin." Because it enters Yin, it tonifies Yin; because it is Yang within Yin, it enters Yin, transforming Yin Qi into Jin rather than Fire, which Trichosanthes Root cannot achieve.
My (Wang Shi-xiong) annotation: Zhu Feng-yi said: For heat remaining after repeated sweating and purging, adding one qian of Atractylodes Lancea (Cangzhu) to this formula works miraculously.

Huangqin Decoction (Scutellaria Decoction)
Scutellaria Root (Radix Scutellariae, Huangqin) (3 liang) Licorice Radix et Rhizoma (Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata, Gancao, processed) Peony Root (Radix Paeoniae Alba, Shaoyao) (each 2 liang) Jujube (Fructus Jujubae, Dazao) (12 pieces)
Use one dou of water, decoct to obtain three sheng, remove dregs, take one sheng warm, twice daily and once at night.
Zou Run-an said: Someone asked: What syndrome does Huangqin Decoction treat? Is there abdominal pain? If yes, why use Scutellaria? If no, why use Peony? Wang's annotation: Abdominal pain due to heat is common; assuming it must be due to cold is a rigid view of predecessors. Answer: The syndrome presents with body heat, no aversion to wind, no aversion to heat, possibly diarrhea or vomiting, but NO abdominal pain. Shaoyao, Gancao, and Dazao are ingredients of Guizhi Tang; since there is no aversion to wind, Ginger and Cassia Twig are omitted. Huangqin, Gancao, and Dazao are ingredients of Xiaochaihu Tang; since there is no alternating chills and fever, Bupleurum is omitted. Due to constant heat, Ginseng is omitted. If no vomiting, Pinellia and Ginger are omitted. Shaoyao is used not for pain (as Guizhi Tang has no pain) nor for epigastric fullness/hardness (so Dazao is kept). The *Jueyin Chapter* states: "Cold damage with slow pulse, given Huangqin Decoction to clear heat, results in cold abdomen and inability to eat." Thus, Huangqin Decoction pulse must be rapid. The heat treated by Scutellaria spreads from interior to exterior, not just exterior. Zhang Zhongjing pairs Scutellaria in three ways: With Chaihu for Qi-level heat binding; with Shaoyao for Blood-level heat binding; with Huanglian for damp-heat obstructing the Middle. Chaihu opens Qi binding but doesn't clear Qi heat; Shaoyao opens Blood binding but doesn't clear Blood-pushing heat; Huanglian treats damp-generated heat but not heat-generated damp. Like stopping a fight: removing fighters doesn't calm anger. Thus, Scutellaria with Chaihu clears Qi heat; with Shaoyao drains Blood heat; with Huanglian resolves heat-generated damp.
Wang's annotation: Predecessors' formula explanations were often superficial. Only Zou's insights are worth savoring.

Huangqin Jia Banxia Shengjiang Decoction (Scutellaria Plus Pinellia and Fresh Ginger Decoction)
Original formula plus Pinellia Tuber (Rhizoma Pinelliae, Banxia) (0.5 sheng) Fresh Ginger (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens, Shengjiang) (3 liang). Decoct and administer as above.
Zou Run-an said: Vomiting with rapid pulse and thirst indicates Fire invading the Stomach; this addition is inappropriate.
My (Wang Shi-xiong) annotation: Zhang Xu-gu said: Fresh Ginger is hot and only treats cold; it should not be used indiscriminately for all exogenous pathogens. Wang's annotation: Of 113 Cold Damage formulas, 57 use Ginger, so it is not forbidden. However, in Warm-Temperature syndromes, it must be used cautiously. Improper use can be fatal. Xu Hui-xi warned that even combined with Huangqin and Huanglian, it can be harmful. Anciently, without processing methods, Ginger was always added to Pinellia to detoxify it. The therapeutic effect lies in Pinellia, not Ginger. Modern Pinellia is pre-processed with Ginger, so additional Ginger is unnecessary. Later generations, seeing many ancient formulas use Ginger, apply it blindly regardless of syndrome, harming patients unknowingly. Beware.

Zhizi Chi Decoction (Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction)
Gardenia Fruit (Fructus Gardeniae, Zhizi) (14 pieces) Fermented Soybean Bean (Soja Glycines Semen Praeparatum, Xiangchi) (4 he, wrapped in silk)
Use four sheng of water, first decoct Zhizi to obtain 2.5 sheng; add Xiangchi, decoct to obtain 0.5 sheng, remove dregs, divide into two doses. Take one dose warm. If vomiting occurs, stop subsequent doses.
Xu Hui-xi said: This formula has the smallest dosage; all drugs treating the Upper Jiao are like this. Examining its seven modified formulas, they do not specify a meridian or a specific mismanagement error. Generally, after sweating, vomiting, or purging, Righteous Qi is deficient, yet phlegm-fluids and stagnant Qi condense in the Upper Jiao, which sweating or purging cannot remove.
My (Wang Shi-xiong) annotation: In Warm-Temperature and Damp-Heat syndromes, phlegm-fluids and stagnant Qi often condense in the Upper Jiao, not necessarily after sweating/vomiting/purging. Since it cannot be removed by sweating/purging, tonics are strictly contraindicated. The Classic says: "For pathogens above, induce vomiting." This avoids damaging Jing Qi and Righteous Qi, making it the safest method. Anciently, Zhizi was used raw, inducing immediate vomiting. Later, it was charred for decoctions, losing its emetic property, contrary to intent. However, it remains effective for deficiency-vexation due to its lung-clearing and vexation-resolving nature. Wang's annotation: To induce vomiting, it must be used raw.

Yiwu Guiti Decoction (Single Herb Melon Pedicle Decoction)
Melon Pedicle (Cucumeris Fructus Caulis, Guiti) (2 pieces, chopped)
Use one sheng of water, decoct to obtain five ge, remove dregs, take in one dose.
You Zai-jing said: When Summerheat attacks, those with Yin deficiency and excessive Fire harbor Summerheat within Fire, causing sweating, vexation, and thirst. Baitao Jia Renshen Decoction clears heat and generates Yin. Those with Yang deficiency and excessive Dampness harbor Summerheat within Dampness, causing body heat and heavy pain. Summerheat diseases often involve Dampness; treating Dampness treats Summerheat. Guiti is bitter and cold, inducing vomiting and purging, removing water qi from face and limbs. When water is gone, Summerheat loses its basis and resolves spontaneously. This treats Summerheat complicated by Dampness.

Zhigancao Decoction (Processed Licorice Decoction, aka Fumai Decoction)
Licorice Radix et Rhizoma (Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata, Gancao, processed) (4 liang) Rehmannia Root (Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Shengdihuang - note: Fang Zhong-xing says "Sheng" should not be here) (1 jin) Ophiopogon Tuber (Tuber Ophiopogonis, Maidong) Sesame Seed (Semen Sesami Nigrum, Mahuang/Renzhong?) [Note: Text says Mah Ren] (each 0.5 jin) Cassia Twig (Ramulus Cinnamomi, Guizhi) Fresh Ginger (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens, Shengjiang) (each 3 liang) Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng, Renshen) Donkey-hide Gelatin (Colla Corii Asini, Ejiao) (each 2 liang) Jujube (Fructus Jujubae, Dazao) (30 pieces)
Fang Zhong-xing said: There should be no "Sheng" (Raw) before Dihuang.
Clear Wine (Qingjiu) (7 sheng) Water (8 sheng), first decoct the eight herbs, obtain three sheng, remove dregs; add Gelatin and melt completely. Take one sheng warm, three times daily.
Shen Liang-chen said: This is the ancestral formula for nourishing Yin throughout history.
Zou Run-an said: Dihuang has the highest dosage in Zhigancao Decoction because its efficacy lies in its lipid fluid, nourishing sinews, bones, and meridians, moistening both dry and withered tissues. It restores the pulse, hence the name Fumai Decoction. Pulses originate in the Kidney and are governed by the Heart. When Heart Blood is withered, pulse channels become sluggish. This explains why *Shanghan Lun* links knotted/intermittent pulse with palpitations, and *Jinkui Yaolue* links them with sweating and oppression. In Feiwei (Lung Withering) with inner warmth and excessive saliva, Yin is nearly exhausted, and Yang is a dying ember. Only this formula can replenish the lipid fluids inside and outside the vessels.

Guiti San (Melon Pedicle Powder)
Melon Pedicle (Cucumeris Fructus Caulis, Guiti, roasted yellow) Adzuki Bean (Vigna Angularis, Chixiaodou) (each 1 fen)
Wang's annotation: Chixiaodou refers to small-grit adzuki beans (commonly called Mi Chi); do not mistake them for Abrus precatorius seeds. Sift each separately into powder, mix, take one qian bi. Use one he of Fermented Soybean Bean (Xiangchi), seven he of hot water, cook into a thin porridge, remove dregs; take juice, mix with powder, take warm in one dose. If no vomiting, increase dose slightly until rapid vomiting occurs.
Contraindicated in all blood-loss and deficiency cases.
Lu Zi-yao said: The melon fruit hangs among vines. The pedicle (Di) connects the melon to the vine. It spreads extensively, with tips more abundant than roots, rotting quickly. *Erya* mentions "Shao Die" (successive small melons). Commentary says: Successive to root is Shao, small shape is Die. Thus, melons near the root are small, those near tips are large. Among fruits, melons best suck fluids. The hub of sucking fluids is the pedicle. Thus, Guiti has descending and ascending functions. Pedicle is bitter, melon is sweet, showing the center distinguishes upper/lower and inside/outside. It is indeed a dispersing and draining agent for inducing vomiting.

Mahuang Lianyao Chixiaodou Decoction (Ephedra, Wild Forsythia Root, and Adzuki Bean Decoction)
Ephedra Herb (Herba Ephedrae, Mahuang) Lianyao (Lianqiao Gen? Text implies Forsythia root/stem) Licorice Radix et Rhizoma (Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata, Gancao, processed) Fresh Ginger (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens, Shengjiang) (each 2 liang) Adzuki Bean (Vigna Angularis, Chixiaodou) Catalpa Bark (Cortex Catalpae, Shengzi Bapi) (each 1 sheng) Apricot Kernel (Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Xingren) (40 pieces) Jujube (Fructus Jujubae, Dazao) (12 pieces)
Rainwater (Liaoshui) (1 dou), first decoct Mahuang until boiling again, remove foam; add other herbs, decoct to obtain three sheng, divide into three warm doses. Finish within half a day.
Zou Run-an said: The *Bencao Jing* lists Forsythia Flower (Lianqiao) functions: starting with chills/fever, ending with heat binding. This phrase "stagnant heat in the interior" matches Lianqiao's function. Guo Jingchun's *Erya* commentary notes: Also called Liantiao; Tiao and Yao have same sound, different characters. Current *Shanghan Lun* commentary says Lianyao is Forsythia root, equating it with the "named but unused" root in *Bencao Jing*. Tao Hongjing said: