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All types of Ding sores (acute, dangerous purulent diseases with rapid onset) and Yangmei Jiedu (late-stage manifestations of syphilis) are compiled in this section for easy reference and treatment consultation.

Hua Yuanhua stated: Ding sores have five colors corresponding to the Five Zang Organs. Red corresponds to the Heart, appearing at the root of the tongue; Green corresponds to the Liver, appearing under the eyes; Yellow corresponds to the Spleen, appearing on the lips; White corresponds to the Lungs, appearing on the right nostril; Black corresponds to the Kidneys, appearing in front of the ears. This classification is based on types.

Sun Simiao discussed thirteen types of Ding sores in the *Qianjin Fang*:
1. Mazi Ding (Hemp Seed Ding): The lesion protrudes from the skin, the head resembles a millet seed, the color is slightly black, and the surrounding area is slightly red and very itchy. (Contraindications: Do not consume hemp seed oil, wear hemp clothing, or walk in hemp fields.)
2. Shi Ding (Stone Ding): The skin and flesh are connected, the color is like a black bean, it is extremely hard, cannot be pierced by a needle, and causes slight pain in the flesh. (Contraindications: Avoid contact with gravel, bricks, and stones.)
3. Xiong Ding (Male Ding): The head has a black crust, the surrounding edges turn upward, yellow fluid oozes out, and it is raised high like the hole of a coin. (Contraindications: Abstain from sexual intercourse.)
4. Ci Ding (Female Ding): The sore is slightly yellow, pressing inward resembles a moxibustion scar, the edges ooze serum, and the center is depressed and red like a coin hole. (Contraindications: Abstain from sexual intercourse.)
5. Huo Ding (Fire Ding): Resembles a burn from hot water or fire, the head has a black crust, the edges have smoky serum, and it looks like red millet grains. (Contraindications: Avoid burning or cauterizing.)
6. Lan Ding (Rotting Ding): The color is slightly black with white spots, pus flows from the sore, and the shape is as large as the surface of a spoon. (Contraindications: Avoid eating hot, rotten food.)
7. San Shi Liu Ding (Thirty-Six Ding): The head is black and floating, shaped like a black bean, with redness around the edges. One appears today, two tomorrow. If it reaches ten, it is treatable; if it fills up to thirty-six, it is untreatable by medicine. (Contraindications: Avoid anger and harboring resentment.)
8. Sheyan Ding (Snake Eye Ding): The head is black, the skin floats, shaped like a small bean, size resembling a snake eye, and the body is hard. (Contraindications: Avoid being looked at by malicious people or those jealous of you; avoid toxic sores.)
9. Yianfu Ding (Salt Skin Ding): As large as a spoon surface, all edges are red, with large black millet-like grains protruding. (Contraindications: Avoid salt.)
10. Shuixi Ding (Water Wash Ding): As large as a coin, like a coin hole, the head is white with a black crust inside exuding fluid, and the center is hard. (Contraindications: Avoid drinking raw water, washing with water, or crossing rivers.)
11. Renlian Ding (Blade Scythe Ding): Width and narrowness like a scallion leaf, one cun long, the left side muscle is black as if burned. (Contraindications: Avoid piercing, cutting with blades/scythes, or injury from iron edges; treat with medicine, do not attack recklessly.)
12. Fou'ou Ding (Floating Bubble Ding): The sore body is round and curved, slightly unclosed, long and narrow like a scallion leaf, flesh is yellow outside and black inside. Piercing the black part does not hurt, but piercing the yellow part hurts.
13. Niugou Ding (Cow-Dog Ding): The flesh rises, cannot be broken by pinching.

For the above thirteen types of Ding sores, initially the center of the sore itches then hurts, chills precede fever, and after the fever subsides, chills return. There is often heaviness in the four limbs, palpitations, and blurred vision. In severe cases, there is vomiting and regurgitation, which is difficult to treat. Only Mazi Ding itches throughout its course without pain. The aforementioned contraindications must not be violated; if violated, the outbreak becomes difficult to treat. Only Fou'ou Ding and Niugou Ding have no contraindications; even without medical treatment, they do not harm the person, as their chills and fever differ from other Ding sores, hence they are not fatal. After a Ding sore arises, if the back becomes stiff and the sore pain is unbearable, it indicates a violation of contraindications, which serves as a diagnostic criterion. (This item aligns closely with discussions in *Waitai Miyao* and *Shenqiao Buquan*.)

Wang Kentang stated: If there is redness and swelling around the Ding sore, it is called "Huchang" (Protective Field), indicating it is treatable. If there is no redness or swelling around the Ding sore, it is called "Bu Huchang," indicating it is untreatable. (*Yixue Zhunsheng*)
He also stated: Urgent sore conditions have an "Yinghou" (Response Sign). For example, if besides one Ding sore, another small sore appears on the flesh elsewhere, this is a Response Sign. One can pierce the Huchang with a needle. If the sore has redness and swelling around it and produces many sores, it is called "Man Tian Xing" (Stars Filling the Sky); the patient eats and drinks normally, has headache and body heat, but warm hands and feet.

Chen Shigong stated: Ding sores can cause death from morning to evening, or immediately upon onset; indeed, they are rapid diseases among surgical conditions. Treating such conditions prioritizes early intervention. If located on the head and face, the head is the summit of all Yang meridians, caused by extreme hyperactive Yang heat. Although small in form, its malignancy is great. Adding moxibustion increases the fire's momentum, forcing toxins inward, leading to "Dao Xian" (Collapse) or "Zou Huang" (Roaming Yellow - systemic toxicity). Once formed, the head, face, ears, and neck swell, resembling a bloated corpse, and the "Seven Evils" (seven critical prognostic signs) arise instantly. Although treatments exist, only one or two in a hundred survive; caution is essential. (*Waike Zhengzong*)
He also stated: When toxins manifest in the Heart Meridian, they generate Huoyan Ding (Flame Ding). They often appear at the Shu, Mu, or Jing-Well points of the Heart, or on the lips, mouth, palm, finger joints, or little finger. Initially, a small red-yellow blister appears; scratching it causes intense pain and itching, numbness in the limbs, mental restlessness, and confused speech.
When toxins manifest in the Liver Meridian, they generate Ziyan Ding (Purple Swallow Ding). They often appear between the hands, feet, waist, ribs, tendons, and bones, or on the big toe. Initially, a purple blister appears; it breaks the next day bleeding watery blood; after three days, it corrodes tendons and bones, causing severe pain, red eyes, dim vision, and blue nails, with sleep-talking and startle.
When toxins manifest in the Spleen Meridian, they generate Huanggu Ding (Yellow Drum Ding). Initially, a bright, moist yellow blister appears, surrounded by redness. It often appears at the corners of the mouth, cheeks, zygomatic arch, upper and lower eyelids, and the frontal region near the temporalis. It feels numb and itchy, tight and hard; severely, it causes nausea, vomiting, irritability, thirst, and dry heaving.
When toxins manifest in the Lung Meridian, they generate Bairren Ding (White Blade Ding). It often appears on the thumb. Initially, a white blister appears with a hard top and protruding base; breaking it leaks fatty fluid, causing sudden itch and pain. It easily rots and sinks, damaging the cheek, drying the throat, raising hair, heating the muscle, causing coughing of purulent sputum, flaring nostrils, and rapid breathing.
When toxins manifest in the Kidney Meridian, they generate Hei Ding (Black Ding). It often appears in the ear canal, chest, abdomen, waist, kidneys, and the soft flesh between the little toe and Yongquan point. Initially, black spots and purple blisters appear; toxins spread through the skin to the muscles, becoming hard as a nail, penetrating bone with pain. Severely, hands and feet turn blue-purple, with palpitations and lethargy, deep soft depressions, and protruding eyeballs.
He also stated: Hongsi Ding (Red Thread Ding) begins between the joints of the hands and feet. Initially resembling a small sore, red threads gradually ascend to the arm or thigh, causing chills, fever, nausea, and vomiting. If delayed, the red thread reaches the heart, often causing ruin. Urgently use a needle to pierce and bleed at the end of the red thread, find the Ding sore, pierce it, insert a Chan Su strip, cover with plaster, and internally administer Chan Su pills to induce sweating, expel the Ding root, and heal upon suppuration.
He also stated: Ding below the lip is also called Makou Ding.
Ding on the palm is also called Qingzhu Ding.
If a Ding sore persists for five or six days without improvement, with visual hallucinations of firelight, mental confusion, dry mouth, irritability, and irregular vomiting, it belongs to internal sinking of Ding toxin and requires rapid treatment.

Feng Luzhan stated: The classics say Ding is a change due to rich diet (Gao Liang). This is because people consuming rich foods have dense flesh and internal stagnant heat, transforming into Ding. Ancient formulas list thirteen types and Thirty-Six Dings, all resulting from accumulated heat-toxin in the Zang-Fu organs, fighting in the meridians, causing blood coagulation and toxin stagnation, pouring into pores, hands, feet, and head/face, erupting according to organ locations. Their shape resembles millet, sometimes painful, sometimes itchy, gradually leading to whole-body numbness, dizziness, chills/fever, and occasional vomiting. Severely, limbs feel heavy, heart palpitates, and vision blurs. Although classics mention five colors corresponding to five organs, purple/black and yellow blisters are most common, always itching before hurting, chills before fever. Internal administration of dispersing, detoxifying, and pushing-out agents is suitable; externally apply detoxifying herbs like Chrysanthemum leaves and Xanthium grass. Generally, once a Ding suppurates, the toxin is expelled outward, and no further worry is needed. However, in the initial stage, utmost caution is required; Ding toxin attacking the heart brings disaster swiftly. Since Ding stems from Heart Fire accumulation, pain is abnormal and harm is rapid. A sign is chewing raw beans without detecting their fishy/raw smell. If it occurs within one cun behind the ear, it is especially severe, representing extreme water depletion and fire blazing. Do not disturb it rashly; if scratched open exposing wind-toxin, it attacks internally and is incurable. (*Yuyi Jinang*)
He also stated: Hongsi Ding, also called Xuexian Ding, starts on fingers, forming red threads that gradually reach joints, inevitably causing death. Tie a thread around the red mark first, then use a silver needle to bleed out evil blood, and apply medicine. Bright red blood is superior, purple is medium, black is inferior. If untreated, toxins linger, causing mild cases to rot fingers off, or severe cases to die from abdominal invasion.
The *Neijing* states White Ding appears on the right nostril, Red Ding on the tongue root, Yellow Ding on lips, Black Ding at the ear gate, and Green Ding under the eyes, taking five colors to correspond to five organs, each with specific locations. Others appear on shoulders, back, waist, or feet, without fixed sites. Those on hands, feet, head, face, and joints are most urgent; others are less so.

Li Dongyuan stated: Pressing on a Ding causes stinging pain reaching the heart; this is a Ding. In autumn and winter, cold toxins accumulate in the skin, transforming into Ding sores. If not treated urgently, roots grow day and night, flowing into multiple meridians like arrows entering the body, causing tremors. Without caution regarding diet and sexual activity, death follows instantly. (*Jingyi*)

Shen Douyuan stated: Treatment methods for Ding vary; first assess urgency. Slow cases: Day 1 white and small; Day 2 white and slightly larger; Day 3 slightly purple; Day 4 truly purple. This is slow. Urgent cases: Day 5 blue-purple and small; Day 6 deep blue, large and tight; Day 7 black like a moxa scar. This is most urgent. If a sore appears elsewhere besides the main Ding, it is a "Yinghou" (Response). Pierce the small sore first to drain toxin; this is treatable. If only one Ding exists with no small sores elsewhere, it is "No Yinghou," untreatable. No Yinghou means extreme toxin, thus untreatable. Generally, red/swollen surroundings indicate "Huchang" (treatable); lack thereof indicates "Bu Huchang" (untreatable). A growing Ding with fever, headache, warm limbs, and normal appetite is ordinary. A critical Ding with wide-open eyes, extreme thirst, panting, blue lips/face, anorexia, swollen five centers, absent pulse, cold limbs, inability to rise, lethargy, and severe abdominal pain indicates Neiding (Internal Ding). (*Waike Qixuan*)

Zhou Wencai stated: To treat Ding, pierce the center and most painful spot, then pierce the surrounding area over ten times to bleed out evil blood, then apply medicine. Medicine enters well via needle holes; if it doesn't reach the center, efficacy fails, causing delay. Also check the cheeks and tongue for red-black bead-like lesions; these are Ding. (*Jiyan*)

*Yangsheng Pian* stated: Human sweat entering meat, if eaten, generates Ding sores; one must be cautious.

Dou Hanqing stated: If needling the middle finger of the hand or foot elicits no pain in a Ding patient, it is difficult to treat. Ding on head/face, hands/feet, or joints is very urgent. If the Ding head is depressed and green-blue, do not use needles/blades to bleed. If old and ulcerated, do not needle to bleed; only cut away necrotic tissue. If roots enter the abdomen, death ensues. Remedy: Use one bowl of iron-rust water (from grinding needles/blades), filter through silk cotton, boil three to four times in a silver pot, and drink. Intestinal rumbling and walking once or twice leads to recovery. If the Ding does not break, toxin enters stomach/intestines; Cicada Slough (Chan Tui) is highly effective. One liang powdered, taken with honey. Ding at the edge of the Taiyang eye is called Dingnao Ding (Nail Brain Ding), ten deaths to one survival. If pus flows from holes like a bee hive, the disease heals easily. Sudden death is often due to Ding toxin; illuminate the body with a lamp; if small sores are found, they are the source, moxa urgently, and administer Feilong Duoming Dan; some recover. (*Quanshu*)

Dou Menglin stated: Lip Dou Ding starts rice-sized. If a pimple is squeezed, exposing it to fire/water/wind, it becomes Cici Chuang (Defect Sore), another name for Ding. First, chew green onion white with five Feilong Duoming Dan pills, swallow with half bowl warm wine, cover the site with cloth until slight sweating occurs. Take medicine in the morning; in the afternoon, cross-hatch the wound with a sharp porcelain shard, sprinkle Feilong Duoming Dan powder inside, apply crushed toad tongue and toad belly skin externally, and internally administer Zhuoding Decoction. If hair grows, shave it. Treat as above. Reflecting quietly at night, I tested this method; it is 100% effective, saving many lives. I dare not keep it secret, so I publish it. Absence of sexual desire for one month and flat, non-protruding healing tissue at the site are signs of cure. (*Quanshu*)

Chen Yuangong stated: Ding sores cause extreme pain and are Yang Toxin. Hard to distinguish initially; chew raw beans; no fishy smell confirms it. The head shows a yellow blister with purple-black color inside; carefully observe a red-white line extending out. If on the foot, the red line goes to the navel; if on the hand, to the heart; if on lips/face, to the throat. Seeing this line, pierce the end to bleed toxin, preventing heart attack. White lines need no piercing. Main principle: Disinfect and purge fire. People warn against official medicines; this is ignorance. How else to remove toxin? Use Batuo San: Zi Hua Di Ding and Gan Ju Hua, one liang each, decocted. One dose removes red line, two doses disperse Ding, three doses cure. External picking is unnecessary. If ulcerated, add Dang Gui (two liangs); cure without four doses as toxin clears and flesh regenerates. (*Bingjian*)

Hu Gongbi stated: Zhu Ding (Pig Ding) is round/small, oily inside; avoid pork fat/meat. Niu Ding (Cow Ding) is round/small, non-oily, unbreakable by pinching, with chills/fever; avoid beef. Gou Ding (Dog Ding) is long/sharp, red, with chills/fever; avoid dog meat. Yang Ding (Sheep Ding) is long/white, with chills/fever; avoid mutton. Guateng Ding (Melon Vine Ding) is numerous, round/long like melons, from melon toxin; avoid melons. Doufu Ding (Tofu Ding) is white blister, sunken top within three days, from tofu containing human sweat; avoid tofu. Qi Ding (Qi Ding) varies in size, pale with internal gas sensation, from anger; avoid anger. Gui Ding (Ghost Ding) varies in size, from evil qi, worse than Qi Ding, causing ghost-like speech. Hongsi Ding (Red Thread Ding) is thread-like red, wrapping the body; prick with pine needle to bleed, avoid hot foods. Neiding (Internal Ding) is inside cavities/throat/mouth, different from external Ding; use interior-supporting and toxin-pushing methods. Luobo Ding (Radish Ding) is black/purple like crystal. Pale/black bloody toxin water should be removed; support toxin expulsion. Yangmei Ding (Mulberry Berry Ding) is black/purple like smoked plums, resembling generalized syphilitic sores with one or two internal Dings, preventing general eruption; needle to bleed toxin, take Tufuling and interior-supporting drugs. Yuqi Ding (Fish Umbilicus Ding) resembles fish belly button, often on arms/calves, from Yangming meridian toxin; add guiding herbs. Wugong Ding (Centipede Ding) is long like a centipede with head/legs, chills/fever, from centipede venom in food; add Xionghuang (Realgar).

Cheng Shanling stated: Treatment prioritizes early action. Treated at onset: 100% cure. Slightly late: 50-60% cure. Neglected: 10-20% cure. Internally, nothing beats Juhua Gancao Tang (Chrysanthemum and Licorice Decoction). Above the neck, Three Yang meridians receive toxin; must needle to sever root and insert plaster. Below the neck, Three Yin meridians receive toxin; must use moxibustion. If moxa does not hurt, still needle and insert medicine for effect. (*Shifa*)