[Flavor and Nature] Bitter, cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats lung heat cough (lung heat cough), phlegm accumulation with panting (phlegm accumulation with panting), blood hemorrhoids (blood hemorrhoids), and sores/ulcers (sores/ulcers). (From *Kaibao Bencao*)
Chen Xiuyuan comments: Its cold nature corresponds to water energy entering the Kidney (Kidney); its bitter flavor corresponds to fire flavor entering the Heart (Heart). Although stated as non-toxic, its predominantly cold nature, if taken in large doses, will inevitably cause incessant vomiting and diarrhea. The *Huangdi Neijing* states: The Lung prefers warmth and dislikes cold. The condition of "lung heat cough" mentioned in *Kaibao Bencao* is extremely rare. The conditions it primarily treats—cough, phlegm accumulation, and panting—are treated similarly to external symptoms like blood hemorrhoids and sores, which undoubtedly demonstrates its nature of cooling, purging, and breaking up accumulations. Modern people are confused by Qian Yi's formula *Bufei Ejiao San* (Tonifying Lung and Donkey-Hide Gelatin Decoction) and use it to treat deficiency-type coughs (deficiency cough), resulting in death after every hundred administrations.
[Flavor and Nature] Slightly cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats childhood alternating chills and fever (childhood alternating chills and fever), and the twelve types of convulsive epilepsy (twelve types of convulsive epilepsy). (From *Mingyi Bielu*)
[Flavor and Nature] Sweet, salty, neutral, non-toxic. Primarily tonifies the Five Viscera (Five Viscera), making the body plump, skin white, and lustrous. (From *Mingyi Bielu*)
[Flavor and Nature] Salty, cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats cold-heat headache (cold-heat headache) and warm qi disease (warm qi disease). Those from young males are particularly effective. (From *Mingyi Bielu*)
Note: Medicinals such as *Bengchong* (Tabanid Fly), *Shuizhi* (Leech), *Wuhua* (Genkwa Flos), *Daji* (Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix), and *Gansui* (Kansui Radix), which are not commonly used, cannot be fully recorded due to space constraints. Ke Yunbo's discussions on the formulas *Didang Tang* (Defending Against Stasis Decoction) and *Shizao Tang* (Ten Jujube Decoction) are extremely profound; they should be studied carefully.