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**Ulmus Pterocarpa Cortex (Yupi):** Sweet in flavor, neutral in nature. It primarily treats obstruction of urination and defecation, promotes the flow of water passages, and eliminates pathogenic factors. Long-term consumption lightens the body and suppresses hunger. Its fruit (Ulmus pterocarpa fruits) is particularly effective. Also known as Lingyu. Grows in mountains and valleys. *Mingyi Bie Lu* records: Grows in Chuan regions; bark is harvested in the third lunar month, taking only the white part and drying it in the sun; fruits are harvested in the eighth lunar month. **Textual Research:** *Shuowen Jiezi* states: "Yu" refers to Ulmus pterocarpa. *Guaya* states: "Zhe Yu" is Geng Yu. *Erya* states: "Yu" is Bai Yu. Guo Pu comments: "Yu" produces leaves first, then pods, with white bark. There is also Shu Yu; Guo Pu says it is now called Ci Yu (Thorny Elm). *Mao Shi* mentions: "The elm at the east gate"; the commentary notes: "Yu" is Bai Yu. It also mentions elms on mountains; the commentary notes: "Shu" is the elm. Lu Ji states: Its thorns resemble those of Zhe trees, its leaves resemble elm leaves, and its pods can be eaten as vegetables, being smooth and delicious like Bai Yu. There are ten varieties, all similar in leaves but differing in bark and wood grain.

**Dried Lacquer (Ganqi):** Sour in flavor, neutral in nature. It primarily treats cold-heat sensations in the heart and abdomen, accumulation of pathogenic qi forming masses, soreness and pain in the four limbs, and damp-bi syndrome. Long-term consumption stabilizes the five zang organs, lightens the body, and prolongs life. Grows in river marshes. *Mingyi Bie Lu* records: Grows in Hedong; fruits are harvested in the eighth lunar month, dried in shade, and processed over forty days. **Textual Research:** *Shuowen Jiezi* states: "Ji" is the sour jujube tree. *Erya* states: "Ji" is the sour jujube. Guo Pu comments: The taste is slightly sour. Mencius says: "Nourish its ji." Zhao Qi comments: "Ji" is small ji, referring to the sour jujube.

**Phellodendron Bark (Huangbai):** Bitter in flavor, cold in nature. It primarily treats internal heat accumulation in the five zang organs and intestines/stomach, jaundice, intestinal hemorrhoids, stops diarrhea and dysentery, treats leukorrhea (red and white discharge) in women, and erosive sores in the genital areas. Also known as Tanhuan. Grows in mountains and valleys. *Mingyi Bie Lu* records: Grows in Hanzhong and Yongchang. **Textual Research:** *Shuowen Jiezi* states: "Bo" is Huangmu (yellow wood), specifically Phellodendron bark. Sima Xiangru's fu mentions "Bo". Zhang Yi comments: Bo wood can be used for dyeing. Yan Shigu comments: "Bo" is Huangbi (Phellodendron).

**Dried Lacquer (Ganqi):** Pungent in flavor, warm in nature, non-toxic. It primarily treats severe injuries, tonifies the middle jiao, reconnects bones and sinews, fills the marrow and brain, stabilizes the five zang organs, treats the "five slacknesses and six urgencies," and wind-cold-damp bi syndrome. Using raw lacquer helps expel parasitic worms. Long-term consumption lightens the body and delays aging. Grows in river valleys. *Mingyi Bie Lu* records: Grows in Hanzhong; harvested after the Summer Solstice and dried. **Textual Research:** *Shuowen Jiezi* states: "Qi" is tree sap, which can be used to coat objects. The character is pictographic, resembling sap dripping down like water droplets. *Rites of Zhou - Zaishi* records: Tax on lacquer forests. Zheng Xuan comments: In ancient texts, "lacquer forest" was written as "Qi forest." Du Zichun comments: It should be read as "lacquer forest."