味苦，微寒。主血积惊气，除寒热，补中，益肺气。久服利人。一名知母。生川谷。
《吴普》曰∶白沙参，一名苦心，一名识美，一名虎须，一名白参，一名志取，一名文
虎。神农、黄帝、扁鹊∶无毒；岐伯∶咸；李氏∶小寒。生河内川谷，或般阳渎山，三月生
，如葵，叶青，实白如芥，根大白如芜菁，三月采（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名苦心，一名志取，一名虎须，一名白参，一名识美，一名文希，生河
内及冤句、般阳续山，二月、八月采根，曝干。
案∶《广雅》云∶苦心，沙参也，其蒿，青蓑也。《范子计然》云∶白沙参，出洛阳白
者，善。
味苦，平。主蛇虺，蜂虿， 狗，菜、肉、蛊毒，注。一名白葛。生山谷。
《吴普》曰∶白兔藿，一名白葛谷（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶生交州。
案∶陶弘景云∶都不闻有识之者，都富似葛耳，《唐本》注云∶此草荆襄山谷大有，俗
谓之白葛。
味辛，温。主鬼物、百精、蛊毒，疫疾，邪恶气，温疟。久服，强悍、轻身。
一名鬼督邮。生山谷。
《吴普》曰∶徐长卿，一名石下长卿，神农、雷公∶辛。或生陇西。三月采（《御览
《名医》曰∶生太山及陇西，三月采。
案∶《广雅》云∶徐长卿，鬼督邮也；陶弘景云∶鬼督邮之名甚多，今俗用徐长卿者，
其根正如细辛，小短扁扁尔，气亦相似。
[Shashen (Adenophorae Radix)]
Bitter, slightly cold. Primarily treats blood accumulation (Xue Ji) and fright qi (Jing Qi), eliminates chills and fever, tonifies the Middle Jiao (Zhong), and benefits Lung Qi (Fei Qi). Long-term use is beneficial to the human body. Also known as Zhi Mu. Grows in river valleys.
Wu Pu records: Baisha Shen, also known as Kuxin, Shimei, Huxu, Baishen, Zhiqu, and Wenhu. Shennong, the Yellow Emperor, and Bian Que consider it non-toxic; Qibo considers its flavor salty; Li considers its nature slightly cold. It grows in the river valleys of Henei or at Duyang Mountain. It sprouts in the third lunar month, resembling Malva verticillata (Kui), with green leaves and white fruits resembling mustard seeds. The root is large, white, and resembles turnip (Wujing). It is harvested in the third lunar month (cited from Taiping Yulan).
Mingyi Bie Lu records: Also known as Kuxin, Zhiqu, Huxu, Baishen, Shimei, and Wenxi. It grows in Henei, Yuanju, and Xushan at Banyang. The roots are harvested in the second and eighth lunar months and sun-dried.
Commentary: Guangya states: Kuxin is Shashen; its mugwort variety is Qingsuo. Fanzi Jiran states: Baisha Shen produced in Luoyang that is white is of superior quality.
[Baituhuo (Pyrrosiae Folium? / Unidentified Herb)]
Bitter, neutral. Primarily treats snake bites (Shehui), bee stings (Fengchai), rabies (Gou), poisoning from vegetables and meat, Gu poison, and Zhu disease (Zhu). Also known as Baige. Grows in mountain valleys.
Wu Pu records: Baituhuo, also known as Baigegu (cited from Taiping Yulan).
Mingyi Bie Lu records: It grows in Jiaozhou.
Commentary: Tao Hongjing states: No one is known to recognize it; it merely resembles Pueraria lobata (Ge). The Tang Bencao commentary notes: This herb is abundant in the mountains and valleys of Jingxiang, commonly called Baige.
[Xuchangqing (Cynanchi Atrati Radix)]
Acrid, warm. Primarily treats demonic entities, hundred essences, Gu poison, epidemic diseases (Yiji), evil qi, and warm malaria (Wen Nue). Long-term use makes one robust and lightens the body.
Also known as Guidu You. Grows in mountain valleys.
Wu Pu records: Xuchangqing, also known as Shixia Changqing. Shennong and Leigong consider its flavor acrid. Some grow in Longxi. It is harvested in the third lunar month (cited from Taiping Yulan).
Mingyi Bie Lu records: It grows in Mount Tai and Longxi, and is harvested in the third lunar month.
Commentary: Guangya states: Xuchangqing is Guidu You. Tao Hongjing states: There are many names for Guidu You. The Xuchangqing currently used by the public has a root similar to Asarum sieboldii (Xixin), though slightly shorter and flatter, and the aroma is also similar.