味苦，辛，寒。主心腹积聚，寒热邪气，通九窍，利大小便。一名牡蒙。生山谷。
《吴普》曰∶伏蒙，一名紫参，一名泉戎，一名音腹，一名伏菟，一名重伤。神
农、黄帝∶苦；李氏∶大寒。生河西山谷或宛句商山。圆聚生，根黄赤月文，皮黑中紫，五
月花
《名医》曰∶一名众戎，一名童肠，一名马行。生河西及冤句。三月采根，火炙
案∶《范子计然》云∶紫参，出三辅。赤青色者，善。
味辛，温。主妇人疝瘕，阴中寒、肿痛，腹中急，除风头痛，长肌肤，悦颜色。一名鬼
卿，一名地新。生山谷。
《名医》曰∶一名微茎，生崇山，正月、二月采根，曝干，三十日成。
案∶《广雅》云∶山芷，蔚香， 本也。《管子·地员篇》云∶五臭畴生 本。《荀子
·大略篇》云∶兰芷 本，渐于蜜醴，一佩易之。樊光注《尔雅》云∶ 本，一名蘼芜，根
名靳芷。旧作 ，非。
味苦，平。主劳热邪气，五癃闭不通，利小便水道。一名石 。生山谷石上。
《名医》曰∶一名石皮，生华阴山谷。不闻水及人声者，良。二月采叶，阴干。
味苦，平。主腰背痛，强骨节，风寒湿、周痹，恶创不瘳，热气。生山谷。
《名医》曰∶一名赤节。生真定。八月采根，曝干。
案∶《博物志》云∶菝 ，与萆 相乱。
[Shen Nong's Classic of Materia Medica - Zishen]
Taste: Bitter, Acrid; Nature: Cold.
Indications: Primarily treats accumulations and masses in the heart and abdomen (Xin Fu Ji Ju), pathogenic factors of cold and heat (Han Re Xie Qi), unblocks the nine orifices (Jiu Qiao), and promotes urination and defecation.
Alternative name: Mumeng (Mǔ Méng).
Habitat: Grows in mountain valleys.
Wu Pu states: Also known as Fumeng, Zishen, Quanrong, Yin fu, Futu, Zhongshang.
Shennong and Huangdi: Bitter. Li Shi: Greatly Cold.
Habitat: Grows in the valleys of Hexi or Shangshan of Wanju. Grows in round clusters; roots are yellow-red with moon-like patterns, black skin with purple interior, flowers in May.
The Famous Physicians' Record (Mingyi Bie Lu) states: Also known as Zhongrong, Tongchang, Maxing.
Habitat: Grows in Hexi and Yuanju. Roots are harvested in March and roasted over fire.
Note: Fanzi Jiran states: Zishen originates from Sanfu. Those that are red-green are superior.
[Bixie]
Taste: Acrid; Nature: Warm.
Indications: Primarily treats hernia and masses (Shan Jia) in women, coldness and swelling pain in the vagina (Yin Zhong Han, Zhong Tong), abdominal urgency (Fu Zhong Ji), removes wind-induced headaches (Feng Tou Tong), nourishes the skin and flesh (Zhang Ji Fu), and enhances complexion (Yue Yan Se).
Alternative names: Guiqing, Dixin.
Habitat: Grows in mountain valleys.
The Famous Physicians' Record (Mingyi Bie Lu) states: Also known as Weijing, grows in Chong Mountain. Roots are harvested in January and February, sun-dried, and processed for thirty days.
Note: Guangya states: Shanzhi, Weixiang, refers to Caobenz (Ligusticum chuanxiong). The chapter "Di Yuan" in Guanzi states: Five odors grow Caoben. The chapter "Da Lue" in Xunzi states: Orchid, Angelica dahurica, and Caoben, soaked in honey wine, can be used as a token for exchange. Fan Guang's commentary on Erya states: Caoben is also known as Miwu, and its root is called Jinzhi. The old text uses an incorrect character.
[Shiwei]
Taste: Bitter; Nature: Equal (Neutral).
Indications: Primarily treats heat due to exhaustion (Lao Re Xie Qi), five types of strangury and urinary obstruction (Wu Long Bi Bu Tong), and promotes the water passages for urination (Li Xiao Bian Shui Dao).
Alternative name: Shi Jiu.
Habitat: Grows on rocks in mountain valleys.
The Famous Physicians' Record (Mingyi Bie Lu) states: Also known as Shipi, grows in the valleys of Huayin. Those grown in places where no water sounds or human voices are heard are of good quality. Leaves are harvested in February and dried in the shade.
[Weilingxian]
Taste: Bitter; Nature: Equal (Neutral).
Indications: Primarily treats lower back and waist pain (Yao Bei Tong), stiffness of bones and joints (Qiang Gu Jie), bi-syndrome caused by wind-cold-dampness (Feng Han Shi Zhou Bi), chronic non-healing sores (E Chuang Bu Chou), and hot pathogens (Re Qi).
Habitat: Grows in mountain valleys.
The Famous Physicians' Record (Mingyi Bie Lu) states: Also known as Chijie. Grows in Zhending. Roots are harvested in August and sun-dried.
Note: Bowuzhi states: Baxie (Smilax glabra) is often confused with Bixie.