味苦，温。主中风，伤寒头痛，温疟，发表出汗，去邪热气，止咳逆上气，除寒热，破
症坚积聚。一名龙沙。
《吴普》曰∶麻黄，一名卑相，一名卑坚。神农、雷公∶苦，无毒；扁鹊∶酸，无毒；
李氏∶平。或生河东。四月、立秋采（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名卑相，一名卑盐。生晋地及河东。立秋采茎，阴干令青。
案∶《广雅》云∶龙沙，麻黄也。麻黄茎，狗骨也。《范子计然》云∶麻黄，出汉中三
辅。
（《御览》作草）
味辛，平。主去恶虫，除脾胃寒热，通利九窍、血脉、关节，令人不忘。一名附支。生
山谷。
《吴普》曰∶通草，一名丁翁，一名附支。神农、黄帝∶辛；雷公∶苦。生石城山谷，
叶菁蔓延。止汗，自正月采（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名丁翁。生石城及山阳。正月采枝，阴干。
案∶《广雅》云∶附支， 草也。《中山经》云∶升山，其草多寇脱。郭璞云∶寇脱草
，生南方，高丈许，似荷叶，而茎中有瓤正白，零陵人植而日灌之，以为树也。《尔雅》云
∶离南，活 。郭璞注同。又倚商，活脱。郭璞云∶即离南也。《范子计然》云∶ 草，出
三辅。
味苦，平。主邪气腹痛，除血痹，破坚积、寒热、疝瘕，止痛，利小便，益气（《艺文
类聚》引云∶一名白术。《大观本》作黑字）。生川谷及
《吴普》曰∶芍药，神农∶苦；桐君∶甘，无毒；岐伯∶咸；李氏∶小寒；雷公
∶酸。一名甘积，一名解仓，一名诞，一名余容，一名白术。三月三日采（《御览》）。
《名医》曰∶一名白术，一名余容，一名犁食，一名解食，一名铤。生中岳。二
月、八月采根，曝干。
案∶《广雅》云∶挛夷，芍药也；白术，牡丹也。《北山经》云∶绣山，其草多芍药。
郭璞云∶芍药，一名辛夷，亦香草属。《毛诗》云∶赠之以芍药。《传》云∶芍药，香草。《范
子计然》云∶芍药，出三辅。崔豹《古今注》云∶芍药有三种∶有草芍药，有木芍药。木有
花，大则色深，俗呼为牡丹，非
[Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba)]
Bitter in taste, warm in nature. Primarily treats headache caused by wind-stroke and cold damage, warm malaria; it releases the exterior and induces sweating, eliminates pathogenic heat, stops cough and rebellious qi, removes cold-heat alternating symptoms, and breaks up masses and accumulations. Also known as Longsha.
Wu Pu states: Mahuang is also called Beixiang or Beijian. Shennong and Leigong considered it bitter and non-toxic; Bian Que considered it sour and non-toxic; Li considered it neutral. Some grow in Hedong. Harvested in April or at Start of Autumn (recorded in *Taiping Yulan*).
*Bencao Jing Mingyi Bie Lu* states: Also called Beixiang or Beiyen. Grows in Jin and Hedong regions. The stems are harvested at Start of Autumn and dried in shade until green.
Note: *Guangya* states: Longsha is Mahuang. The stem of Mahuang resembles dog bone. *Fanzi Jiran* states: Mahuang grows in the Sanfu region of Hanzhong.
[Tongcao (Tetrapanacis Medulla)]
Pungent in taste, neutral in nature. Primarily removes harmful insects, eliminates cold-heat alternating symptoms in the spleen and stomach, unblocks the nine orifices, blood vessels, and joints, and prevents forgetfulness. Also known as Fuzhi. Grows in mountain valleys.
Wu Pu states: Tongcao is also called Dingweng or Fuzhi. Shennong and the Yellow Emperor considered it pungent; Leigong considered it bitter. It grows in the stone city valleys, with lush, spreading leaves. It stops sweating and is harvested starting from the first lunar month (recorded in *Taiping Yulan*).
*Bencao Jing Mingyi Bie Lu* states: Also called Dingweng. Grows in Shicheng and Shanyang regions. The branches are harvested in the first lunar month and dried in shade.
Note: *Guangya* states: Fuzhi is Tongcao. *Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas)* states: On Mount Zhongshan, the herbs are mostly Koutuo. Guo Pu’s commentary notes: Koutuo grass grows in the south, about one zhang high, resembling lotus leaves, but with white pith inside the stem. People in Lingling plant and irrigate it daily, treating it as a tree. *Erya* states: Linan is Huotuo. Guo Pu’s commentary agrees. Also known as Yishang, which is Huotuo. Guo Pu says: This is Linan. *Fanzi Jiran* states: Tongcao grows in the Sanfu region.
[Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix)]
Bitter in taste, neutral in nature. Primarily treats abdominal pain caused by pathogenic factors, eliminates blood bi, breaks up firm accumulations, cold-heat alternating symptoms, hernia and masses, stops pain, promotes urination, and benefits qi (cited in *Yiwen Leiju* as: also known as Baizhu. *Daguan Ben* reads black character). Grows in river valleys and...
Wu Pu states: Shaoyao. Shennong considered it bitter; Tongjun considered it sweet and non-toxic; Qibo considered it salty; Li considered it slightly cold; Leigong considered it sour. Also known as Ganji, Xiecang, Dan, Rurong, or Baizhu. Harvested on the third day of the third lunar month (recorded in *Taiping Yulan*).
*Bencao Jing Mingyi Bie Lu* states: Also known as Baizhu, Rurong, Lishi, Jieshi, or Ting. Grows in the Central Peak (Zhongyue) region. The roots are harvested in the second and eighth lunar months and sun-dried.
Note: *Guangya* states: Luanyi is Shaoyao; Baizhu is Mudan. *Beishan Jing* states: On Mount Xiu, the herbs are mostly Shaoyao. Guo Pu says: Shaoyao is also called Xinyi and belongs to the category of fragrant herbs. *Mao Shi (Book of Songs)* states: Presenting Shaoyao as a gift. The Commentary states: Shaoyao is a fragrant herb. *Fanzi Jiran* states: Shaoyao grows in the Sanfu region. Cui Bao’s *Gujin Zhu* states: There are three types of Shaoyao: herbal Shaoyao and woody Shaoyao. Woody Shaoyao has flowers; when large, the color is deep, commonly referred to as Mudan, which is not...