（灵枢师传篇）
黄帝曰∶本藏以身形支节 肉，候五脏六腑之小大焉。今夫王公大人、临朝即位之君而问焉，谁可扪循之而后答乎？
（本藏，即前本经篇名。扪，摸也。循，摩也。言王公之尊贵，谁可得而摩摸？将何所据而相答也？扪音门。 ，劬允
切。）岐伯曰∶身形支节者，脏腑之盖也，非面部之阅也。黄帝曰∶五脏之气阅于面者，余已知之矣，以支节知而阅之奈
何？（身形支节，与面不同，此欲以体貌之形，察其脏腑之侯也。）岐伯曰∶五脏六腑者，肺为之盖，巨肩陷咽，候见其
外。黄帝曰∶善。（五脏之应天者肺，故肺为五脏六腑之盖。观巨肩陷咽者，即其外候，而肺之大小高下坚脆偏正可知矣。
大义见前篇，余彼此。）岐伯曰∶五脏六腑，心为之主，缺盆为之道，骷骨有余，以候 KT 。黄帝曰∶善。（缺盆居肩
之前，骨之上，五脏六腑皆禀命于心，故为之主，而脉皆上出于缺盆，故为之道。骷，广雅曰HT KT 也，HT KT
即膝骨之名。 KT ，蔽心之骨，亦名鸠尾。观乎此而心之小大高下坚脆偏正可知矣。骷音枯。 音结。KT 音于。）
岐伯曰∶肝者主为将，使之候外，欲知坚固，视目小大。黄帝曰∶善。（肝者将军之官，其气刚强，故能捍御而使之候外。
目者肝之外候，故察于目，则可知肝之状矣。）岐伯曰∶脾者主为卫，使之迎粮，视唇舌好恶，以知吉凶。黄帝曰∶善。
（脾主运化水谷以长肌肉，五脏六腑皆赖其养，故脾主为卫。卫者，脏腑之护卫也。五癃津液别篇亦曰脾为之卫。脾为
仓廪之官，职在转输，故曰使之迎粮。谓察其饮食及唇舌之善恶，则脾之吉凶可知也。）岐伯曰∶肾者主为外，使之远听，
视耳好恶，以知其性。黄帝曰∶善。愿闻六腑之候。（肾为作强之官，伎巧所出，故主成形而发露于外。其窍为耳，故试
使远听及耳之善恶，则肾藏之象可因而知之矣。）岐伯曰∶六腑者，胃为之海，广骸大颈张胸，五谷乃容；（骸，骸骨也。
广骸者，言骨胳之大。又胫骨曰骸。骸音鞋。）鼻隧以长，以候大肠；唇浓人中长，以候小肠；目下果大，其胆乃横；鼻
孔在外，膀胱漏泄；鼻柱中央起，三焦乃约。此所以候六腑者也。上下三等，脏安且良矣。（果，裹同，目下囊裹也。横，
刚强也。在外，掀露也。约，固密也。脏居于中，形见于外，故举身面之外状，而可以候内之六腑。然或身或面，又必
上中下三停相等，庶脏腑相安而得其善矣。前本藏篇以五脏之皮脉肉爪骨而候六腑，其义与此稍异，所当互求。）
*Lingshu: Shichuan Chapter*
Huangdi said: By observing the body's form, limbs and joints, and muscles, one can infer the size of the Zang (Solid) organs and Fu (Hollow) organs. Now, regarding kings, nobles, and rulers who have ascended the throne, if we wish to inquire about their health, who could palpate and rub them to provide an answer?
(Note: "Ben Cang" refers to the chapter name mentioned earlier. "Men" means to touch/palpate; "Xun" means to rub/massage. This implies that due to the high status of kings and nobles, who is permitted to touch or rub them? On what basis can one respond? "Men" is pronounced as 'men'. " " is pronounced as 'qu yun qie'.)
Qibo replied: The body's form and limbs/joints are the coverings (external manifestations) of the Zang and Fu organs, distinct from the signs seen on the face.
Huangdi said: I already understand how the Qi of the five Zang organs manifests on the face. How, then, can we observe and understand the organs through the limbs and joints?
(Note: The limbs and joints differ from the face; here, the intent is to examine the external physical appearance to discern the indications of the internal organs.)
Qibo said: Among the five Zang and six Fu organs, the Lung acts as a canopy covering the uppermost part. If one observes broad shoulders and a depressed throat, these external signs reveal the condition of the Lung.
Huangdi said: Excellent.
(Note: Among the five Zang organs, the Lung corresponds to Heaven, thus it is called the canopy of the Zang and Fu organs. By observing external signs such as broad shoulders and a depressed throat, one can determine the Lung's size, height, firmness or fragility, and alignment or deviation. The general principle is detailed in the previous chapter; the rest follows similarly.)
Qibo said: Among the Zang and Fu organs, the Heart serves as the master. The Quepen (Locket Point, SI13) region serves as the pathway. If there is excess flesh over the scapular bones, this can be used to infer the state of the Heart.
(Note: Quepen is located anterior to the shoulder and above the bone. All Zang and Fu organs receive commands from the Heart, making it the master; meridians all emerge upwards at Quepen, making it the pathway. "Ku" is defined in *Guangya* as the iliac bone; "Qi" is another name for the knee bone. "KT" refers to the bone shielding the heart, also known as the Jiuwei bone. Observing these allows one to know the Heart's size, height, firmness/fragility, and alignment/deviation. "Ku" is pronounced 'ku'; " " is pronounced 'jie'; "KT" is pronounced 'yu'.)
Qibo said: The Liver acts as the general, responsible for defense and responding to the exterior. To know if the Liver is firm and solid, observe the size of the eyes.
Huangdi said: Excellent.
(Note: The Liver is the organ of the General; its Qi is strong and rigid, enabling it to defend against pathogens and manage exterior responses. The eyes are the external manifestation of the Liver; therefore, by examining the eyes, one can ascertain the state of the Liver.)
Qibo said: The Spleen acts as the guard, responsible for receiving and processing grain. By observing the condition (good or bad) of the lips and tongue, one can predict auspiciousness or inauspiciousness (health or disease).
Huangdi said: Excellent.
(Note: The Spleen governs the transformation and transportation of food and fluids to nourish muscles; all Zang and Fu organs rely on its nourishment, hence the Spleen acts as the guard. The guard protects the Zang and Fu organs. The chapter *Wu Long Jin Ye Bie* also states "The Spleen acts as the guard." The Spleen is the official of the granary, tasked with distribution, hence it is said to "receive grain." This means by observing dietary habits and the condition of the lips and tongue, one can determine the health of the Spleen.)
Qibo said: The Kidney governs external functions, enabling distant hearing. By observing the condition of the ears, one can understand the nature of the Kidney.
Huangdi said: Excellent. I would like to hear about the indications of the six Fu organs.
(Note: The Kidney is the official of strength and ingenuity; it governs formation and reveals essence externally. Its opening is the ear. Thus, by testing the ability to hear from afar and observing the condition of the ears, one can deduce the state of the Kidney storehouse.)
Qibo said: Regarding the six Fu organs, the Stomach is the sea. If one sees a large skeletal frame, a thick neck, and an expanded chest, it indicates capacity for grains. A long nasal passage indicates the Large Intestine; thick lips and a long philtrum indicate the Small Intestine; large infraorbital pouches indicate the Gallbladder is robust; nostrils flaring outward indicate Bladder leakage; a prominent nasal bridge indicates the Sanjiao (Triple Burner) is constrained and secure. These are the methods for observing the six Fu organs. If the upper, middle, and lower sections are balanced and equal, the Zang organs will be peaceful and healthy.
(Note: "Guo" is synonymous with "Guo" (bag/sac), referring to the infraorbital sac. "Heng" means strong/rigid. "Zai wai" means exposed/flared. "Yue" means tight/secure. Zang organs reside internally, while forms manifest externally; thus, by citing the external shapes of the body and face, one can infer the internal six Fu organs. However, whether considering the body or the face, the three zones (upper, middle, lower) must be proportionally equal, so that the Zang organs remain in harmony and achieve good health. The previous chapter *Ben Cang* observed the six Fu organs through the skin, vessels, muscles, nails, and bones corresponding to the five Zang organs; the meaning differs slightly from this text, and they should be cross-referenced.)