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[Renying] The Renying point is located 1.5 cun lateral to the Adam's apple (Classics state: "The Yin and Yang are fixed at the throat." This is the arterial pulse of the **Renying acupoint**, used to observe excess syndromes from external pathogens, belonging to the Foot-Yangming **Stomach meridian**. Bian Que diagnosed at one fen anterior to the left Guan position, corresponding to the region of the **Liver** and **Gallbladder**. Since the Liver and Gallbladder govern Wind-Wood, it is said that a "tight and full Renying" indicates injury by Wind. Regarding the Cun, Guan, and Chi positions, each occupies three fen, collectively forming the Cun Kou. The left corresponds to Yang and the right to Yin; Yang corresponds to the exterior, thus it is used to observe exterior conditions. Both theories are preserved here).

[Qikou] (Also known as Cun Kou, or Maikou) The Qikou pulse is located one fen anterior to the right Guan position (The pulse observes insufficiency syndromes from internal injury. The acupoint is located one cun posterior to the Yuji acupoint on both hands, belonging to the Hand-Taiyin **Lung meridian**. This reflects Bian Que's adherence to the classic principles, specifically selecting the Cun Kou behind the thenar eminence to determine life and death, which is an unchangeable classic standard).

The *Suwen* states: Humans have three sections (Bu), namely the Lower Section, Middle Section, and Upper Section; each section has three observations (Hou), namely Heaven, Earth, and Human.
Upper Section Heaven refers to the arterial pulse at both temples (located on both sides of the forehead, palpable with the fingers, where the Foot-Shaoyang **Gallbladder meridian** passes), used to observe the Qi of the head and angles (due to its location in the head/angle region);
Upper Section Earth refers to the arterial pulse at both cheeks (located on both sides below the nostrils near the Juliao acupoint, palpable with the fingers, where the Foot-Yangming **Stomach meridian** passes), used to observe the Qi of the mouth and teeth (due to its proximity to the mouth and teeth);
Upper Section Human refers to the arterial pulse anterior to the ears (located in the depression anterior to the ear, palpable with the fingers, where the Hand-Shaoyang **Sanjiao meridian** passes), used to observe the Qi of the eyes and ears (due to its location at the anterior ear pulse, reaching the inner canthus of the eye).

Middle Section Heaven is the Hand-Taiyin meridian (i.e., the **Lung meridian**, located at the Cun Kou distal to the wrist crease, named Jingquan, palpable with the fingers), used to observe the **Lung**;
Middle Section Earth is the Hand-Yangming meridian (i.e., the **Large Intestine meridian**, located between the metacarpals of the thumb and index finger, at the Hegu acupoint, palpable with the fingers), used to observe the Qi of the chest (observing both **Intestines** and **Stomach** together);
Middle Section Human is the Hand-Shaoyin meridian (i.e., the **Heart meridian**, located at the end of the styloid process of the ulna, at the Shenmen acupoint, palpable with the fingers), used to observe the **Heart**.

Lower Section Heaven is the Foot-Jueyin meridian (i.e., the **Liver meridian**, located laterally to the pubic hairline, in the depression 1.5 cun below the 'sheep testicle' landmark, at the Wuli acupoint; taken in supine position, palpable with the fingers. For women, the Taichong acupoint is taken, located in the depression 2 cun proximal to the base of the big toe), used to observe the **Liver**;
Lower Section Earth is the Foot-Shaoyin meridian (i.e., the **Kidney meridian**, located in the depression posterior to the medial malleolus and superior to the calcaneus, at the Taixi acupoint, palpable with the fingers), used to observe the **Kidney**;
Lower Section Human is the Foot-Taiyin meridian (i.e., the **Spleen meridian**, located between the tendons on the upper calf, directly below Wuli, at the Jimen acupoint; clothing should be loosened, deep pressure required to obtain the pulse, and it is palpable with the fingers), used to observe the Qi of the **Spleen** and **Stomach** (The **Spleen** and **Stomach** are connected by membranes, so observing the **Spleen** simultaneously observes the **Stomach**. To observe **Stomach Qi**, one should take the Chongyang acupoint on the dorsum of the foot, where the arterial pulse responds to touch. This sequence follows the text of the *Chapter on Three Sections and Nine Observations*).

(Gu Yingbai stated: The "Three Sections and Nine Observations" mentioned by Xuanyuan and Qibo are not like the "Three Sections and Nine Observations" of later generations. Humans have three sections, each with three observations; this totals the whole body, dividing it into Upper, Middle, and Lower sections. Is it merely naming the single pulse of the Qikou as the three sections of Cun, Guan, and Chi? Within one section, there are naturally the arterial pulses of Heaven, Earth, and Human observations. Is it again dividing the Cun, Guan, and Chi pulses into Floating, Middle, and Sinking observations? If the later theory is correct, then the theory of Xuanyuan and Qibo is wrong; if the theory of Xuanyuan and Qibo is correct, then the later theory is wrong! Thus, I must interject my voice. Floating and Sinking do not need further explanation. The "Middle" only refers to the middle of the Floating technique; how can there be a "middle" of Sinking? Floating without Middle implies rootlessness; Sinking necessarily lacks Middle. Why is it solely believed that Sinking pulse governs interior syndromes, without implying fatal conditions? People generally know the "Middle" of centrality but not the "Middle" of harmony. The classics state: "Appearance of Zang-Fu true pulses indicates death." Pulses lacking Stomach Qi are called Zang-Fu true pulses. Therefore, except for various strange pulses, all can be said to possess Stomach Qi, and all can be said to possess the "Middle" pulse. Why abandon the obvious classic texts and instead grope in the ignorance of Floating, Sinking, and Middle? This is inexplicable. Moreover, pulse diagnosis involves hand palpation and visual observation, not just pressing. A slow pulse corresponds to loose skin; a rapid pulse corresponds to tight skin; a slippery pulse corresponds to smooth skin; a choppy pulse corresponds to rough skin; a large pulse corresponds to bulging skin; a small pulse corresponds to diminished skin and Qi. The Sages, feeling pain as their own, earnestly instructed future generations, yet this was ignored. How unwise! Slippery pulses can be observed visually and palpated, retaining the truth of the pulse. Choppy pulses are easy to observe visually but difficult to palpate. Why? If one sees black and haggard complexion, even a child knows it is a choppy pulse. If one must feel the pulse as if scraping sand or bamboo, even a wise person feels lost like facing an ocean. From Bian Que, Cang Gong, and Zhang Zhongjing onwards, errors have been passed down. I have studied the classics: Renying is only located by the throat. The three sections must cover the head and feet. Zang organs are observed on the left hand, Fu organs on the right hand. Cun observes the upper, Chi observes the lower; this applies to both Zang and Fu. This prevents any doubt or confusion. The chaotic theories of Seven Surfaces, Eight Interiors, and Nine Channels show wisdom inferior to Bian Que. Since the world knows these well, I will not elaborate further.)