成氏曰∶烦为扰乱而烦，躁为愤激而躁，合而言之，烦躁为热也。析而言之，烦阳也，躁阴也，
烦为热之轻者，躁为热之甚者。陈氏曰∶内热曰烦，外热曰躁。东垣烦躁发热论，黄帝《针经》五乱
篇云∶气乱于心，则烦心密默，俯首静伏云云。气在于心者，取少阴心主之俞。又云∶咳喘烦冤者，
是肾气之逆也。又云∶烦冤者，取足少阴。又云∶烦冤者，取足太阴。仲景分之为二，烦也，躁也。
盖火入于肺则烦，入于肾则躁。俱在于肾者，以道路通于肺母也。大抵烦躁者，皆心火为病，心者君
火也，火旺则金烁水亏，唯火独存，故肺肾合而为烦躁。又脾经络于心中，心经起于脾中，二经相搏，
湿热生烦。夫烦者，扰扰心乱，兀兀欲吐，怔忡不安。躁者，无时而热，冷汗自出，少时则止，经云
阴躁者是也。仲景以栀子色赤而味苦，
入心而治烦，盐豉色黑而味咸，入肾而治躁，名栀子豉汤，乃神药也。若有宿食而烦者，栀子大黄汤主
之。运气烦躁有二∶一曰热助心火烦躁。经云∶少阴之复，燠热内作，烦躁鼽嚏。又云∶少阳之复，
心热烦躁，便数憎风是也。二曰寒攻心虚烦躁。经云∶岁水太过，寒气流行，邪害心火，病身热烦心
躁悸，阴厥是也。先贤治烦躁俱作，有属热者，有属寒者。治独烦不躁者，多属热。唯悸而烦者，为
虚寒。治独躁不烦者，多属寒。唯火邪者为热。盖烦者心中烦、胸中烦，为内热也。躁者身体手足躁
扰，或裸体不欲近衣，或欲在井中，为外热也。内热者，有本之热，故多属热。外热者，多是无根之
火，故属寒也。
【诊】内外俱虚，身体冷而汗出，微呕而烦扰，手足厥逆，体不得安静者死。热病七八日，其
脉微细，小便不利，加暴口燥，脉代，舌焦干黑者死。
Cheng Wuji stated: "Fan" (restlessness) refers to mental disturbance and agitation, while "Zao" (fidgeting) refers to physical irritability and restless movement. Taken together, Fan-Zao is caused by heat pathogen. Analyzed separately, Fan belongs to Yang syndrome, and Zao belongs to Yin syndrome; Fan represents a milder degree of heat, whereas Zao represents a more severe degree of heat.
Chen Shi stated: Internal heat is called Fan, while external heat is called Zao. Li Dongyuan, in his "Treatise on Fan-Zao and Fever," cited the *Yellow Emperor's Classic of Acupuncture* (Huangdi Zhenjing), Chapter "Five Disordered Qi": "When qi becomes disordered in the Heart, there is vexation of the Heart, silence, bowing the head, and quiet prostration." For qi disorder located in the Heart, one should select the Back-Shu points of the Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian and the Hand-Jueyin Pericardium Meridian. It further states: "Cough, wheezing, and internal vexation are due to the rebellion of Kidney qi." It also states: "For internal vexation, select points from the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian." And again: "For internal vexation, select points from the Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian." Zhang Zhongjing divided Fan-Zao into two categories: Fan and Zao. Generally, fire entering the Lung causes Fan, while fire entering the Kidney causes Zao. If both are involved, it is because the pathways between the Lung (Metal) and Kidney (Water) are connected (Metal generates Water, with the Lung being the mother of the Kidney). Broadly speaking, Fan-Zao syndromes are mostly caused by hyperactivity of Heart Fire. The Heart governs Sovereign Fire; when fire is excessive, it scorches Lung Metal and depletes Kidney Water, leaving only fire alone. Thus, the combined dysfunction of the Lung and Kidney results in Fan-Zao. Furthermore, the Spleen meridian connects to the Heart, and the Heart meridian originates within the Spleen; when these two meridians interact violently, damp-heat arises internally, causing Fan. Fan is characterized by mental agitation, dizziness, nausea, palpitations, and restlessness. Zao is characterized by intermittent fever, spontaneous cold sweating that stops after a short time, which corresponds to the "Yin Zao" mentioned in the classics. Zhang Zhongjing noted that Gardenia (Zhizi), being red and bitter, enters the Heart meridian to treat Fan; Salted Fermented Soybeans (Yan Chi), being black and salty, enter the Kidney meridian to treat Zao. This formula is named Zhizi Chi Tang (Gardenia and Fermented Soybean Decoction), a miraculous remedy. If Fan is caused by retained food stagnation, Zhizi Dahuang Tang (Gardenia and Rhubarb Decoction) should be used. In the context of Six Qi transformation theory, there are two types of Fan-Zao: First, heat assisting Heart Fire to cause Fan-Zao. The classics state: "When Shaoyin undergoes a counter-reaction, intense heat arises internally, causing Fan-Zao, nasal congestion, and sneezing." It also states: "When Shaoyang undergoes a counter-reaction, Heart heat and Fan-Zao occur, accompanied by frequent urination and aversion to wind." Second, cold attacking Heart deficiency to cause Fan-Zao. The classics state: "In years of excessive Water, cold qi prevails, and evil harms Heart Fire, resulting in symptoms such as body heat, mental vexation, restlessness, palpitations, and Yin Jue (Cold Reversal)." Ancient sages treated simultaneous Fan and Zao, identifying some cases as Heat syndromes and others as Cold syndromes. Cases with only Fan and no Zao are mostly Heat syndromes. Only cases with palpitations and Fan belong to Deficiency-Cold syndromes. Cases with only Zao and no Fan are mostly Cold syndromes. Cases caused specifically by Fire Evil are Heat syndromes. Generally, Fan refers to vexation in the chest and heart, indicating internal heat. Zao refers to physical restlessness of the limbs, or the desire to undress and avoid clothing, or even the desire to jump into a well, indicating external heat. Internal heat has a root cause and thus mostly belongs to Heat syndromes. External heat is mostly Rootless Fire and thus belongs to Cold syndromes.
[Diagnosis] If both interior and exterior are deficient, with a cold body and sweating, slight vomiting, mental vexation, cold reversal of the hands and feet, and an inability to remain still, the prognosis is fatal. In febrile diseases lasting seven to eight days, if the pulse is faint and fine, urination is difficult, sudden dryness of the mouth occurs, the pulse shows intermission (Dai pulse), and the tongue coating is scorched, dry, and black, the prognosis is fatal.