五脏六腑，皆有津液。若脏腑因虚实而生热者，热气在内，则津液竭少，故渴也。夫渴
数饮，其人必眩，背寒而呕者，因利虚故也。
诊其脉，心脉滑甚为善渴。其久病变，或发痈疽，或成水疾。
夫人渴病者，皆由脏腑不和，经络虚竭所为。故病虽瘥，血气未复，仍虚乏也。
渴利者，随饮小便故也。由少时服乳石，石热盛时，房室过度，致令肾气虚耗，下焦生
热，热则肾燥，燥则渴，然肾虚又不得传制水液，故随饮小便。以其病变，多发痈疽。以其
内热，小便利故也，小便利则津液竭，津液竭则经络涩，经络涩则荣卫不行，荣卫不行，则
热气留滞，故成痈疽脓。
渴利之病，随饮小便也。此谓服石药之人，房室过度，肾气虚耗故也。下焦生热，热则
肾燥，肾燥则渴。然肾虚又不能制水，故小便利。其渴利虽瘥，热犹未尽，发于皮肤，皮肤
先有风湿，湿热相搏，所以生疮。
内消病者，不渴而小便多是也。由少服五石，石热结于肾，内热之所作也。所以服石之
人，小便利者，石性归肾，肾得石则实，实则消水浆，故利。利多不得润养五脏，脏衰则生
诸病。由肾盛之时，不惜其气，恣意快情，致使虚耗，石热孤盛，则作消利，故不渴而小便
The Five Zang and Six Fu organs all generate Jin-Ye (body fluids). If the Zang and Fu organs develop internal heat due to deficiency or excess patterns, the accumulation of heat within depletes and reduces the Jin-Ye, resulting in thirst. Individuals who are thirsty and drink frequently will inevitably experience dizziness; if accompanied by coldness in the back and vomiting, it is due to Qi deficiency caused by diarrhea.
Upon pulse diagnosis, a Heart pulse that is slippery and excessive (Hua Shen) indicates a predisposition to severe thirst. If this condition persists for a long time and evolves, it may manifest as carbuncles and sores (Yong Ju), or transform into water disorders (Shui Ji).
Generally, diseases of thirst arise from disharmony among the Zang and Fu organs and exhaustion of the meridians and collaterals. Therefore, even if the illness appears to have subsided, the Blood and Qi have not yet recovered, leaving the body still weak and deficient.
"Ke Li" (Thirst with Polyuria) refers to the condition where urine output matches fluid intake. This results from having taken mineral drugs (such as Wushi San) in the past, engaging in excessive sexual activity while the heat of these minerals was potent, thereby depleting Kidney Qi. This leads to heat generation in the Lower Jiao. Heat causes Kidney dryness, which induces thirst. However, due to Kidney deficiency, the ability to control and distribute fluids is impaired, causing ingested fluids to pass directly through as urine. Due to these pathological changes, carbuncles and sores often develop. The internal heat combined with frequent urination depletes Jin-Ye; depletion of Jin-Ye causes stagnation in the meridians; stagnation in the meridians impedes the circulation of Ying (Nutritive) and Wei (Defensive) Qi; when Ying and Wei Qi fail to circulate, heat lingers and accumulates, ultimately forming pus in carbuncles and sores.
After Ke Li disease, Ying and Wei Qi are damaged, and the Qi of the Zang and Fu organs is not yet harmonized; thus, each requires promotion of free flow and unblocking (Xuan Chang).
The symptom of Ke Li is drinking followed immediately by urination. This occurs in individuals who took mineral drugs and engaged in excessive sexual activity, leading to Kidney Qi depletion. Heat arises in the Lower Jiao, causing Kidney dryness and thirst. However, Kidney deficiency fails to regulate water, resulting in frequent urination. Even if the symptoms of Ke Li subside, residual heat remains. If this heat manifests on the skin, especially where wind-dampness already exists, damp-heat combats and combines, leading to the formation of sores.
Nei Xiao (Internal Consumption) is characterized by polyuria without thirst. It is caused by long-term consumption of Wushi San, where the heat of the minerals accumulates in the Kidneys, generating internal heat. In those who take mineral drugs, frequent urination occurs because the nature of the minerals directs them to the Kidneys. When the Kidneys are affected by these minerals, they become "excess" (in terms of pathogenic factor), which consumes fluids, leading to frequent urination. Excessive urination prevents the nourishment of the Five Zang organs; organ decline leads to various diseases. If one does not cherish their Jing-Qi during times of robust Kidney Qi and indulges in desires, causing depletion, the isolated and rampant heat of the minerals triggers Xiao (Consumption) and Li (Polyuria), resulting in no thirst but abundant urination.