1.有物有声谓之呕, 有物无声吐之征, 无物有声哕干呕, 面青指黑
痛厥凶.
【注】面色青, 指甲黑也, 中痛不止, 肢厥不回, 其凶可知也.
小半夏汤 橘皮半夏汤 大半夏汤 黄连半夏汤 丁萸六均汤
2.呕吐半姜为圣药, 气盛加橘虚蜜参, 热盛姜连便闭下, 寒盛丁萸
姜六君.
【注】便闭, 谓大小二便闭而不行, 宜攻下也. 初吐切不可下, 恐逆
病势也.
五汁饮 硫汞散 化滞丸
3.润燥止吐五汁饮, 芦荠甘蔗竹沥姜, 呕吐不下硫汞坠, 积痛作吐
化滞良.
【注】五汁饮, 即芦锥, 荸荠, 甘蔗, 竹沥, 姜汁也. 呕吐诸药, 汤
水到咽即吐者, 宜用重坠之药, 以石硫黄二钱, 水银一钱, 同研如煤
色极细, 用老酒姜汁调服. 稍点白滚汤, 亦可顿服之, 其药即不能吐
出.次日大便, 出黑色秽物, 诸汤水药服之, 则不吐也. 如不大便黑
色,再服, 以大便利为度. 吐而痛者, 乃积也, 宜化滞丸.
湿泻 濡泻 水泻 洞泻 寒泻 飧泻 脾泻 肾泻
1.湿胜濡泻即水泻, 多水肠呜腹不疼. 寒湿洞泻即寒泻, 鸭溏清彻
痛雷鸣, 完谷不化名飧泻, 土衰木盛不升清. 脾虚腹满食后泻, 肾泻
寒虚晨数行.
【注】濡者, 水也. 洞者, 直倾下也. 鸭溏, 如鸭屎之溏, 澄彻清冷
也.痛, 腹痛也. 雷鸣, 肠鸣甚也. 不升清, 谓清气在下不上升也.
脾泻, 脾虚也. 食泻, 饮食后即泻也. 晨数行, 每至早晨行泻数次也
.
食泻 胃泻 饮泻 痰泻 火泻 暑泻 滑泻 大瘕泻
2.伤食作泻即胃泻, 噫气腹痛秽而粘. 渴饮泻复渴饮泻, 时泻时止
却属痰. 火泻阵阵痛饮冷, 暑泻面垢汗渴烦. 滑泻日久不能禁, 大瘕
今时作痢看.
【注】过食作泻, 名日食泻, 即胃泻也. 秽而粘, 所泻之物臭而粘也
.渴而饮, 饮而泻, 泻而复渴, 渴而复饮, 饮而复泻, 饮泻也. 时或
泻,时或不泻, 属痰泻也. 阵阵, 谓泻一阵, 痛一阵也. 大瘕泻, 即
今时之痢疾病也.
1. 有实物排出且伴有声音的称为“呕”，是呕吐的表现；没有实物排出但有声音的称为“哕”或“干呕”。若出现面色青、指甲黑、腹部剧痛不止、四肢厥冷无法回温，则为凶险之证。
【注】面色青、指甲黑，说明中焦疼痛不止，四肢厥冷不能恢复，其凶险程度可想而知。
小半夏汤、橘皮半夏汤、大半夏汤、黄连半夏汤、丁萸六均汤
2. 治疗呕吐以半夏和生姜为圣药（首选药物）；若气滞严重加用陈皮，若气虚加用蜂蜜和人参；若热盛且大便闭结则用攻下法（如姜、连等清热泻下药），若寒盛则用丁香、吴茱萸配合六君子汤。
【注】“便闭”指大小二便闭塞不通，适宜使用攻下法。但初起呕吐时切不可使用攻下法，以免违背病势，加重病情。
五汁饮、硫汞散、化滞丸
3. 润燥止吐可用五汁饮，由芦根、荸荠、甘蔗、竹沥、姜汁组成。对于呕吐剧烈、汤水入口即吐者，宜用重坠之药，将石硫黄二钱、水银一钱，共同研磨成煤色极细粉末，用老酒和姜汁调服。稍加点白开水送服，也可顿服，这样药物就不会被吐出。次日若排出黑色秽物，此后服用其他汤水药物则不再呕吐。如果未排出黑色粪便，可再服药，以大便通畅排出黑色秽物为度。呕吐且伴有疼痛者，是由于积滞所致，适宜服用化滞丸。
1. 湿气过盛导致的濡泻即水泻，特点是多水、肠鸣但腹部不疼痛。寒湿导致的洞泻即寒泻，特点是粪便像鸭屎一样稀薄清冷，腹痛且肠鸣声如雷鸣。完谷不化的称为飧泻，这是由于土（脾）衰木（肝）盛，导致清气不升。脾虚导致的腹泻特点是饭后腹胀并腹泻；肾泻则是因肾阳虚寒，每至早晨腹泻数次。
【注】“濡”意为水样。“洞”意为直倾而下。“鸭溏”指像鸭子粪便那样的稀薄澄澈清冷的状态。“痛”指腹痛。“雷鸣”指肠鸣音非常响亮。“不升清”指清气在下而不能上升。“脾泻”即脾虚引起的腹泻。“食泻”指饮食后即发生腹泻。“晨数行”指每到早晨就要腹泻数次。
2. 伤食导致的腹泻即胃泻，特点是嗳气、腹痛，排泄物臭秽且粘腻。口渴饮水，饮水后腹泻，腹泻后又口渴，这种时泻时止的情况属于痰泻。火泻的特点是阵发性疼痛，喜饮冷水；暑泻的特点是面色垢浊、出汗、口渴、烦躁。滑泻是指日久不愈、无法控制的大便失禁；大瘕泻在当时被视为痢疾来看待。
【注】饮食过量导致的腹泻，名为食泻，也就是胃泻。“秽而粘”指排泄物臭秽且粘腻。“渴而饮，饮而泻……”指口渴喝水，喝完就泻，泻完又渴，反复循环，这是饮泻。“时或泻，时或不泻”指有时腹泻有时不腹泻，属于痰泻。“阵阵”指泻一阵痛一阵。“大瘕泻”即当时的痢疾病症。
1. Vomiting with both material discharge and sound is termed "Ou" (Vomiting), which is a sign of vomiting; dry heaving without material discharge but with sound is termed "Yue" or "Gan Ou" (Dry Heaving). If the complexion turns cyanotic, fingernails turn black, abdominal pain persists unrelieved, and cold limbs do not recover warmth, it indicates a critical and ominous prognosis.
[Note] A cyanotic complexion and black fingernails indicate persistent severe abdominal pain and irreversible cold extremities, revealing its critical nature.
Xiao Banxia Tang (Minor Pinellia Decoction), Ju Pi Ban Xia Tang (Tangerine Peel and Pinellia Decoction), Da Banxia Tang (Major Pinellia Decoction), Huang Lian Ban Xia Tang (Coptis and Pinellia Decoction), Ding Yu Liu Jun Tang (Clove and Evodia Six-Ingredient Decoction)
2. For treating vomiting, Ban Xia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) and Sheng Jiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens) are considered the supreme remedies. If Qi stagnation is severe, add Chen Pi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium); if Qi deficiency exists, add honey and Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma). If Heat is severe accompanied by constipation, use purgative methods (such as Sheng Jiang and Huang Lian to clear heat and purge); if Cold is severe, use Ding Xiang (Caryophylli Flos) and Wu Zhu Yu (Evodiae Fructus) combined with Liu Jun Zi Tang (Six-Gentlemen Decoction).
[Note] "Bian Bi" refers to the obstruction of both large and small bowel movements, for which purgative therapy is appropriate. However, one must never use purgatives at the initial stage of vomiting, lest it contradict the disease trend and exacerbate the condition.
Wu Zhi Yin (Five-Juice Drink), Liu Hong San (Sulfur and Mercury Powder), Hua Zhi Wan (Stasis-Transforming Pill)
3. To moisten dryness and stop vomiting, Wu Zhi Yin (Five-Juice Drink) can be used, composed of Lu Gen (Imperatae Rhizoma), Bi Qi (Dioscoreae Bulbiferae), Gan Zhe (Sacchari Candi), Zhu Li (Bambusae Succus), and Jiang Zhi (Zingiberis Succus). For cases of severe vomiting where even decoctions and water are vomited immediately upon reaching the throat, heavy-sinking medicines should be employed. Grind Shi Liu Huang (Sulfur) two qian and Shui Yin (Hydrargyrum) one qian together into an extremely fine powder resembling coal color. Mix with aged wine and ginger juice for administration. Add a small amount of plain boiled water, or administer in one dose; this prevents the medicine from being vomited out. On the following day, if black foul matter is excreted in the stool, subsequent intake of other decoctions will no longer induce vomiting. If black stool is not passed, the medicine may be administered again, continuing until the passage of black stool occurs. Vomiting accompanied by pain is due to accumulation/stagnation, and Hua Zhi Wan (Stasis-Transforming Pill) is indicated.
Shi Xie (Damp Diarrhea), Ru Xie (Soft Diarrhea), Shui Xie (Watery Diarrhea), Dong Xie (Sudden/Profuse Diarrhea), Han Xie (Cold Diarrhea), Sun Xie (Undigested Food Diarrhea), Pi Xie (Spleen Diarrhea), Shen Xie (Kidney Diarrhea)
1. Dampness excess leading to Ru Xie (Soft Diarrhea) is essentially Shui Xie (Watery Diarrhea), characterized by excessive water content and borborygmus without abdominal pain. Cold-dampness leading to Dong Xie (Sudden/Profuse Diarrhea) is essentially Han Xie (Cold Diarrhea), characterized by loose stools resembling duck feces that are clear and cold, abdominal pain, and loud borborygmus like thunder. Sun Xie (Undigested Food Diarrhea) is named so because undigested food is passed, caused by Spleen Earth deficiency and Liver Wood excess, resulting in the failure of Clear Qi to ascend. Pi Xie (Spleen Diarrhea) is characterized by abdominal fullness and diarrhea after eating; Shen Xie (Kidney Diarrhea) is due to Kidney Yang deficiency and cold, manifesting as multiple diarrheal episodes every morning.
[Note] "Ru" means watery. "Dong" means pouring down directly. "Ya Tang" refers to loose stools resembling duck feces, clear and cold. "Tong" refers to abdominal pain. "Lei Ming" refers to very loud borborygmus. "Bu Sheng Qing" refers to Clear Qi remaining below and failing to ascend. "Pi Xie" refers to diarrhea due to Spleen deficiency. "Shi Xie" refers to diarrhea occurring immediately after eating. "Chen Shu Xing" refers to having several diarrheal episodes each morning.
Shi Xie (Food Stagnation Diarrhea), Wei Xie (Stomach Diarrhea), Yin Xie (Fluid Retention Diarrhea), Tan Xie (Phlegm Diarrhea), Huo Xie (Fire Diarrhea), Shu Xie (Summerheat Diarrhea), Hua Xie (Slippery/Incontinence Diarrhea), Da Jia Xie (Great Mass Diarrhea)
2. Diarrhea caused by food injury is Wei Xie (Stomach Diarrhea), characterized by belching, abdominal pain, and foul, sticky stools. Thirst followed by drinking, then diarrhea, followed by thirst again, where diarrhea comes and goes intermittently, belongs to Tan Xie (Phlegm Diarrhea). Huo Xie (Fire Diarrhea) is characterized by paroxysmal pain and a preference for cold drinks. Shu Xie (Summerheat Diarrhea) is characterized by a greasy complexion, sweating, thirst, and irritability. Hua Xie (Slippery Diarrhea) refers to chronic diarrhea lasting long periods with loss of control. Da Jia Xie (Great Mass Diarrhea) was viewed as Li Ji (Dysentery) in contemporary times.
[Note] Diarrhea caused by overeating is named Shi Xie (Food Stagnation Diarrhea), which is also Wei Xie (Stomach Diarrhea). "Hui Er Nian" means the excreta are foul-smelling and sticky. "Ke Er Yin, Yin Er Xie..." describes the cycle of thirst-drink-diarrhea-thirst-drink-diarrhea, which is Yin Xie (Fluid Retention Diarrhea). "Shi Huo Xie, Shi Huo Bu Xie" means sometimes diarrhea occurs, sometimes it does not, indicating Tan Xie (Phlegm Diarrhea). "Zhen Zhen" means a bout of diarrhea accompanied by a bout of pain. "Da Jia Xie" refers to the dysentery disease prevalent at that time.