牛乳 《本草》云∶微寒，补虚羸，止渴，下气。《陶景注》云∶ 牛为佳。《拾遗》云∶
凡服乳必煮一二沸，停冷啜之，热食则壅，不欲顿服。兼与酸物相反，令人腹中结 。崔禹
云∶益胃气，令人润泽。《养生要集》云∶腹中有冷患，饮乳汁，令腹痛泄利。《七卷经》
云∶不可合生肉，生腹中虫；不可合生鱼食，反成 。（和名宇之乃知。）
酪 《本草》云∶味甘酸，寒，无毒，主热毒，止渴，除胸中虚热，身面上热疮。《养
生要集》云∶腹中小有不佳，不当啖酪，令不消。
酥 《本草》云∶微寒，补五脏，利大肠，主口疮。《陶景注》云∶乳成酪，酪成酥，
酥成醍醐，色黄白。《养生要集》云∶甘道人云∶乳酪酥髓，常食令人有筋力，胆KT ，肌
体润泽。猝食令人胪胀泄利，渐渐自已。
鹿肉 《本草》云∶肉温，补中，强五脏，益气力。《陶景注》云∶野肉之中，唯獐鹿
可食，生不腥膻，又非辰属，八卦无主，而兼能温补于人，则生死无忧，故道家许听为脯。
《苏敬注》云∶头主消渴，筋主劳损，骨主虚劳，脂主痈肿死肌，温中，四肢不随。一云∶
不可近阴，角主中恶注痛，血主折伤阴 ，补。又云∶鹿茸味甘，酸温，无毒，主漏下恶血，
寒热，益气强志，生齿，疗虚劳羸瘦、四肢酸痛，腰脊痛、泻精尿血，安胎下气。角主恶疮
痈肿。髓味甘，温，主大（丈）夫、女子伤中脉绝、筋忿、咳逆，以酒服之。又云∶獐骨主
虚损泄精，肉补益五脏，髓益气力、悦泽人面。崔禹云∶味咸，温，无毒，主大风、冷气、
口、消渴，心主安中，肝主安肝，肺主安肺，肾主安肾，脾主安脾，膏主四肢不遂。孟诜
云∶鹿头主消渴多梦，梦见物；蹄肉主脚膝骨髓中疼痛；生肉主中风口偏不正。《膳夫经》
云∶肾弥佳。《千金方》云∶凡饵药之人不可食鹿肉，服药必不得力。所以然者；鹿恒食解
毒之草，是故能制散诸药也。《养生要集》云∶鹿有豹文不可食，杀人。又云∶鹿茸、鹿角
皆不中嗅，角中有细虫，似白粟，入咽令人虫癞，万术不能治。马琬云∶鹿食之不利人。朱
思简云∶合生菜食之，使腹中生疽虫。鹿胆白者不可食之。《食经》云∶鹿雉合煮，食之杀
人。《卢宗食经》云∶鹿，五月以后无角者食伤人。（和名加乃志志。）
猪肉 《本草》云∶味苦，主闭血脉，弱筋骨，虚人肌，不可久食。《陶景注》云∶猪
为用最多，唯肉不宜人。人有多食，皆能暴肥，此盖虚肥故也。《千金方》云∶不可久食，
令人少精，发宿病。《拾遗》云∶肉寒，主压丹石，解热。人食之，杀药动风。《七卷食经》
云∶合五辛食之，伤人肝脾；鲫鱼合食，令人发损消。又不可合鲤鱼子，伤人。朱思简云∶
合鱼共食，入腹动风，令生虫，肝合芹菜食之，令人腹中终身雷鸣。《养生要集》云∶猪肝
落地，土不着者，食杀人。又云∶猪干脯火烧不动者，食之毕泄利。马琬云∶猪目睫交不可
食，伤人。《膳夫经》云∶豕自死，其目青，食之杀人。又云∶豕燔而死，食餐其肝，杀人。
又云∶猪白蹄青爪斑斑不可食。又云∶白猪青蹄食之杀人。（今按∶损害物。和名为乃志志
。）
雉 《本草》云∶肉味酸，微寒，无毒，主补中益气力。止泻利，除蚁 。《陶景注》
云∶雉虽非辰属而正是离禽，景午日不可食者。《苏敬注》曰∶雉味甘，主诸 疮。崔禹云∶
主行步汲汲然。益肝气，明目，癣 诸浅疮。丙午日食生心瘕损肝气，五鬼起于内，致不祥。
朱思简《食经》云∶凡食雉害（肉），不得食骨，大伤人筋骨。（和名支之。）
云雀 崔禹云∶味咸，大温，无毒，主补中，阴痿不起，虚劳内损，赤白下利，作 食
之，强阴气。貌似雀而大。是鸟春夏在阳，秋冬在阴。阳时喜鸣，阴时不鸣，吸阴气而登天，
含阳气而下地；翔于云阳而吐气，故以名之。其音密密然，似人大訇。（和名比波利。）
鹑 孟诜云∶温补五脏，益中续气，实筋骨，耐寒暑，消结气。又云∶不可共猪肉食之，
令人多生疮。（今按∶《拾遗》云∶共猪肉食之，令人生小黑子。）又云∶患利人可和生姜煮
食之。《七卷经》云∶味辛平，食之令人善忘。崔禹云∶鹌鹑，无毒，主赤白下利，漏下血，
暴风湿痹，养肝肺气，利九窍。（和名宇都良。）
鸠 崔禹云∶味苦咸，平，无毒，主续绝伤，补中，坚筋骨。益气力，好令趋走，妊身
妇人尤不可食，其子门肥充，于产难故也。古人云∶是鸟为不噎之鸟，故老人杖头作鸠像，
疗噎之吒。（和名波止。）
崔禹云∶味甘，温，无毒，主赤白下利，补中，下气，貌似鸽，有白喙，隼眼而翅
羽KT 斑KT 斑可爱。（和名伊芳如留加。）
鹎 崔禹云∶味酸，冷，无毒，主赤白下利，虚损不足，补中，安魂魄。（和名比衣止
利。）
鹰 《本草》云∶肪味甘，平，无毒，主风击，拘急偏枯，气不通。久服长发鬓眉，益
气。崔禹云∶味甘，小冷，主风热、烦心，驻面色，理腰脚痿弱，凡鹰类甚多，大曰鸿，小
曰鹰。《七卷经》云∶食无损益。（和名加利。）
鸭 《本草》云∶肉补虚热，和脏腑，利水道。孟诜云∶寒，补中益气，消食。马琬云∶
目精白者，食之杀人。（和名加毛。）
鲤鱼 《本草》云∶肉味甘，主咳逆上气，黄胆，止渴，生煮主水肿脚满，下气。胆味
苦，寒，无毒，主目热、赤痛、清盲，明目。骨主女子带下赤白；齿主石淋。《陶景注》云∶
鲤鱼最为鱼之主形，既可爱，又能神变，山上水中有鲤不可食。又鲤 不可合小豆藿食之，
其子合猪肝食之害人。《苏敬注》云∶骨灰主阴蚀哽不出，血主小儿丹肿，皮主丹隐疹，脑
主诸痫，肠主小儿肥疮。《拾遗》云∶肉主安胎，胎动，坏妊身肿。煮食之，破冷气， 癖，
气块。从脊当中数至尾，无大小皆有三十六鳞。《七卷经》云∶鲤鱼，平，补中。又 （胡
斗反。野王云是鲤鱼也。）又 （下瓦反。《说文》∶鲤也。）又KT （音庆。《广雅》云∶大
鲤也。）崔禹云∶鲤、温、无毒、主香港脚忤疾，益气力。孟诜云∶天行病后不可食，再发即
死。又砂石中者毒多，在脑髓中，不可食其头。又，每断其脊上两筋及脊内黑血。此是毒故
也。朱思简曰∶白头者，不可食交葱桂，食之令人恶病。马琬云∶妊身食之，令子多疮。《养
性要录》云∶服天门冬勿食鲤鱼，病不除。（和名已比）
鲫鱼 《本草》云∶主诸疮，烧，以酱汁和涂之。又主肠痈。一名鲋鱼。作脍，主久赤
白利。《拾遗》云∶头主腥嗽，烧为灰服之。肉主虚羸，熟煮食之。脍主赤白利及五痔。《七
卷经》云∶味甘温，多食之发热。崔禹云∶味咸，大冷，无毒，主心烦闷，补五脏，安中。
食鲫脍勿饮水，生蛔虫。又勿合猪肉食，成腹中冷 。孟诜云∶作脍食之，断暴痢。其子调
中益肝气。朱思简云∶合鹿肉生食之筋急。又鲤鱼子、鲫鱼不可同食之。又不可共酪同食。
又沙糖不与鲫鱼同食，成甘虫。又不可共笋食之，使笋不消成食 ，身不能行步。《养性要
集》云∶鲫鱼不可合猪肝食之。（和名布奈。）
鱼 《本草》云∶味甘，无毒，主百病。《陶景注》云∶今作 食之云补。又有 鱼
相似而大，又有 鱼黄而美，并益人。又有人鱼似 而有四足，声如小儿，其膏燃之不消耗。
始皇丽山冢中用之，谓之人膏。苏敬云∶ 鱼，一名 鱼，一名 鱼。主水浮肿，利小便。
崔禹云∶ 鱼，温，主风冷冷痹，赤白下利，虚损不足，令人皮肤肥美，貌似鳟而小，色白，
皮中有白垢。大者一二尺，小者七八寸，无鳞，春生夏长，秋衰冬死。一名KT 。《食经》
云∶ 鱼赤且鬓及无鳃，食杀人。（和名阿由。）
鲷 崔禹云∶味甘，冷，无毒，主逐水，消水肿，利小便，去痔虫，破积聚，咳逆上气，
肠主出败疮中虫，利筋骨。貌似鲫而红鳍坚鳞。（和名多比。）
鲈 崔禹云∶味咸，大温，无毒，主风痹、瘀、 ，面 ，貌似鲤而鳃大；补中安五脏，
可为 脍。《食经》云∶鲈鱼为羹，食不利人。又云∶鲈肝不可食之，杀人。又云∶治鲈鱼
中毒方∶捣绞芦根汁饮之，良。（和名须须支。）
鲭 崔禹云∶味咸，大温，无毒，主血利，补中，安肾气，貌似鲢，小口尖背苍，可为
，食补中，南人多吃鲭益面色，癫疰人，食鲭 难瘥。（和名佐波。）
崔禹云∶味甘温无毒，主下利明目安心神，貌似 而皮中有白垢，尾白刺连逆连逆
者也。头中有石，江南人呼曰石首鱼者是也。（和名阿知。）
崔禹云∶味咸，大温，无毒，主止下利，益气力，其子似莓赤光。一名年鱼。春生
而年中死，故名之。疗风痹为验。（和名佐介。）
鳟 《七卷经》云∶味酸，热，多食发疮。《字林》云∶赤目鱼也。此鱼似KT 而小也。
（今按∶损害物。和名未须。）
蠡鱼 《本草》云∶味甘，寒，无毒，主湿痹、面目浮肿，下大水五痔，有疮者不可食，
令瘢白。一名 鱼。《陶景注》云∶今作鳢字，旧言是公蛎蛇所变。崔禹云∶补中明目，食
鳢肝而勿饮水，生蛇子故也。（今按∶损害物。和名波牟。）
王余鱼 《七卷经》云∶食之无损益。郭璞云∶王余比目同，虽有二片，其实一鱼也。
不比行者，名为王余也；比行者，名为比目也。《搜神记》云∶昔越王为脍割鱼而未切，堕
半于海中化鱼名王余也。（和名加礼比。）
乌贼鱼 《本草》云∶味咸，微温，无毒，主疗女子漏下、赤经、白汁，血闭，阴蚀肿
痛，寒热 瘕，无子，惊气入腹，腹痛环脐，阴中寒肿。《陶景注》云∶鹎鸟所化，今其口
脚俱存。《拾遗》云∶昔秦王东游弃算袋于海，化为此鱼。其状似算袋，两带极长，墨犹在
腹中也。孟诜云∶食之少，有益髓。《养生要集》云∶味咸，温，食之无损益。崔禹云∶味
咸，生大冷，干，小温，无毒，主鬼气入腹，绞痛积聚。南海多垂 而浮乌，鸟翔来见之为
死即喙，因惊卷捕以杀之，故名曰乌贼。为海神之吏。（和名伊芳加。）
海鼠 崔禹云∶味咸，大冷，无毒，主补肾气，去百节风，貌似马蛭，而大者长五六尺，
小者一二尺，体上小角连数十枚如革囊而KT 缩KT 臌KT 臌者是也。干者，温，主下
利，生毛发，黄胆疲瘦。其肠尤疗痔为验。《七卷经》云∶食无损益，有内瘅者，食此生者
有利。（和名古。）
海月 崔禹云∶味辛，大冷，无毒，主利大小肠（腹），除关格、黄胆、消渴，貌似月
在海中，故以名之。又有凝月，味咸苦冷，主黄胆消渴，似海月在海中，煮时即凝，故以名
之。一名水母。（和名久良介。）
海蛸 崔禹云∶味咸温，无毒，主虚劳内损诸不足及下利，补中，安五脏。又大者长一
二丈，名海肌子；小者长尺余寸，名海蛸子，江东呼曰触外家子。《七卷经》云∶味辛，平，
生冷，干温，人有内瘅者，食此生者有利。（和名多古。）
蝙KT 《七卷经》云∶味甘，微寒，食之无损益。或云补中去烦热，状如大蚯，生
海边池泥中，甚似大KT 也。湖往后，人视其穴掘取之，以芦刀挫之，去其腹中土沙，以
豉盐酱□食美。（和名委。）
蛎 《本草》云∶牡蛎味咸，平，微寒，无毒，主伤寒、寒热、温疟，除拘缓、鼠 ，
女子下血赤白。心痛气结，止渴，除老血。疗喉痹、咳嗽，久服强骨节延年。《陶景注》云∶
是百岁雕所化作。《拾遗》云∶天生万物，皆有牝牡，唯蛎是咸水结成，块然不动，牝牡之
事，何从而生？经言牡者应非其雄也。崔禹云∶杀魇魅，治夜不眠；鬼语，错乱，志意不定。
冬时者为优，夏时者为劣，煮蒸食之。孟诜云∶火上令沸，去壳，食甚美。令人细润肌肤，
美颜色。《七卷经》云∶有癞疮不可食。（和名加支。）
海蛤 《本草》云∶味苦咸，平，无毒，主咳逆上气，喘，烦满，胸痛，寒热，主阴痿。
陶景注云∶从鹰矢中得也。《说文》云∶千岁燕化为海蛤、魁蛤。一名伏老伏翼，化为蛤，
亦生子滋长。《拾遗》云∶按海蛤是海中烂壳，久在泥沙。风陶沥自然圆净。文蛤是未烂时
壳，犹有纹者。崔禹云∶冷，主气劳，补气力。貌小者似臣胜而润泽，然鹅鹰所吞食。大者
圆二三寸及五六寸，壳上有文理，而紫斑或彤黄彤黄、或渌斑渌斑，或KT 黑KT 黑，以
纯黑为良。（和名波末久利。）
石决明 《本草》云∶味咸，平，无毒，主目白翳痛，清盲，久服益精轻身。《陶景注》
云∶是鳆鱼甲者。《苏敬注》云∶七孔者良。崔禹云∶温，主腰脚诸病，补五脏，安中，益
精气，貌细，孔离离，或九或七；以鳆为真，或作鲍字，亦为误。食之利九窍，心目聪了，
故有决明之名。亦附石生，故呼曰石决明耳。秦皇之世，不死之药觅东海者，岂谓于斯欤。
（和名阿波比。）
牛乳 《本草经》记载：性微寒，能补益虚损羸弱之体，止渴，降气。陶弘景注释说：以黄牛产出的为佳。《名医别录》记载：凡是服用乳汁必须煮沸一两次，冷却后饮用，若热食则会导致气机壅滞，不宜一次性大量服用。同时与酸性食物相反，令人腹中结块。崔禹锡说：能益胃气，使人肌肤润泽。《养生要集》记载：腹中有冷疾者，饮乳汁，会导致腹痛泄泻。《七卷经》记载：不可与生肉同食，会在腹中生虫；不可与生鱼同食，会反成疾病。（日本名：宇之乃知。）
酪（酸奶/奶酪） 《本草经》记载：味甘酸，性寒，无毒，主治热毒，止渴，清除胸中虚热，治疗身面部的热疮。《养生要集》记载：腹部稍有不适时，不应食用酪，会导致消化不良。
酥（酥油） 《本草经》记载：性微寒，补益五脏，通利大肠，主治口疮。陶弘景注释说：乳制成酪，酪制成酥，酥制成醍醐，颜色黄白。《养生要集》记载：甘道人云：常食乳、酪、酥、髓，能使人有筋力，胆气壮实，机体润泽。突然多食会导致腹部胀满泄泻，逐渐自行停止。
鹿肉 《本草经》记载：肉性温，补益中焦，强壮五脏，益气力。陶弘景注释说：在野味之中，只有獐和鹿可以食用，生吃不腥膻，又不属于十二生肖中的辰属，八卦中无主，且兼能温补于人，所以生死无忧，因此道家允许将其制成干肉。苏敬注释说：鹿头主治消渴症，鹿筋主治劳损，鹿骨主治虚劳，鹿脂主治痈肿死肌，温中，治疗四肢不能随意运动。另一种说法是：不可靠近阴部食用，鹿角主治中恶注痛，鹿血主治折伤阴部，有补益作用。又说：鹿茸味甘，性酸温，无毒，主治漏下恶血，寒热往来，益气强志，促进牙齿生长，治疗虚劳羸瘦、四肢酸痛，腰脊痛、遗精尿血，安胎降气。鹿角主治恶疮痈肿。鹿髓味甘，性温，主治男子、女子伤中脉绝、筋脉拘急、咳逆，用酒送服。又说：獐骨主治虚损泄精，鹿肉补益五脏，鹿髓益气力、使面色悦泽。崔禹锡说：味咸，性温，无毒，主治大风、冷气、口疮、消渴，鹿心主治安神，鹿肝主治安肝，鹿肺主治安肺，鹿肾主治安肾，鹿脾主治安脾，鹿膏主治四肢不遂。孟诜说：鹿头主治消渴多梦，梦见异物；蹄肉主治脚膝骨髓中疼痛；生肉主治中风口眼歪斜。《膳夫经》记载：鹿肾最好。《千金方》记载：凡是服药的人不可吃鹿肉，因为服药必不得力。之所以这样，是因为鹿经常食用解毒的草，所以能制约各种药物。《养生要集》记载：身上有豹纹斑点的鹿不可吃，吃了会杀人。又说：鹿茸、鹿角都不宜嗅闻，角中有细小的虫子，像白色的粟米，进入咽喉会让人患虫癞病，万法不能治。马琬说：鹿肉对人不利。朱思简说：与生菜同食，会使腹中生疽虫。白色的鹿胆不可吃。《食经》记载：鹿肉与野鸡同煮，吃了会杀人。《卢宗食经》记载：鹿在五月以后没有角的，吃了伤人。（日本名：加乃志志。）
猪肉 《本草经》记载：味苦，主治闭塞血脉，削弱筋骨，使虚弱之人肌肉松弛，不可久食。陶弘景注释说：猪用途最多，唯独肉不适合人吃。人如果多吃，都能暴肥，这大概是虚胖的缘故。《千金方》记载：不可久食，使人精气减少，引发旧病。《名医别录》记载：肉性寒，主治压制丹石药性，解热。人吃了它，会因药动风邪。《七卷食经》记载：与五辛同食，损伤肝脾；与鲫鱼同食，使人头发脱落消瘦。又不可与鲤鱼子同食，伤人。朱思简说：与鱼共食，入腹动风，令人生虫；猪肝与芹菜同食，令人腹中终身雷鸣。《养生要集》记载：猪肝落地，泥土沾不上的，吃了杀人。又说：猪肉干脯火烧不动的，吃了之后泄泻。马琬说：猪眼睛睫毛相交的不可吃，伤人。《膳夫经》记载：猪自己死的，眼睛青色，吃了杀人。又说：猪烤熟而死，吃它的肝脏，杀人。又说：猪蹄白色、爪青色且有斑点的不可吃。又说：白猪青蹄吃了杀人。（今按：损害物。日本名为乃志志。）
野鸡 《本草经》记载：肉味酸，微寒，无毒，主治补中益气力，止泻利，去除蚁瘕。陶弘景注释说：野鸡虽然不属于十二生肖中的辰属，但正是离卦所属的禽鸟，景午日不可吃。苏敬注释说：野鸡肉味甘，主治各种疮疡。崔禹锡说：主治行走匆忙不安。益肝气，明目，治疗癣疾和各种浅表疮疡。丙午日生吃心脏会损伤肝气，五鬼从体内兴起，导致不祥。朱思简《食经》记载：凡是吃野鸡肉，不能吃骨头，大大损伤人的筋骨。（日本名：支之。）
云雀 崔禹锡说：味咸，大温，无毒，主治补中，阳痿不起，虚劳内损，赤白痢疾，做成羹食之，能强阴气。形状像麻雀但较大。这种鸟春夏在阳处，秋冬在阴处。阳气时喜欢鸣叫，阴气时不鸣叫，吸入阴气而登天，含藏阳气而下地；飞翔于云阳而吐气，所以以此命名。它的声音密密然，像人大声呼喊。（日本名：比波利。）
鹌鹑 孟诜说：温补五脏，益中续气，充实筋骨，耐寒暑，消除结气。又说：不可与猪肉同食，使人多生疮。（今按：《名医别录》记载：与猪肉同食，令人生小黑痣。）又说：患有痢疾的人可以和生姜一起煮食。《七卷经》记载：味辛平，吃了使人善忘。崔禹锡说：鹌鹑无毒，主治赤白痢疾，漏下血，暴风湿痹，养肝肺气，利九窍。（日本名：宇都良。）
斑鸠 崔禹锡说：味苦咸，平，无毒，主治接续断绝之伤，补中，坚固筋骨，益气力，使人行动轻快，怀孕妇女尤其不可吃，因为它的子房肥充，容易导致难产。古人说：这种鸟是不噎之鸟，所以老人手杖头上做斑鸠像，治疗噎膈之症。（日本名：波止。）
鸽子 崔禹锡说：味甘，温，无毒，主治赤白痢疾，补中，降气，形状像斑鸠，有白嘴，鹰眼而翅膀羽毛黑白相间可爱。（日本名：伊芳如留加。）
鹎 崔禹锡说：味酸，冷，无毒，主治赤白痢疾，虚损不足，补中，安魂魄。（日本名：比衣止利。）
鹰 《本草经》记载：鹰脂肪味甘，平，无毒，主治风击，拘急偏枯，气不通。久服长发鬓眉，益气。崔禹锡说：味甘，小冷，主治风热、烦心，驻颜美容，调理腰脚痿弱，凡是鹰类很多，大的叫鸿，小的叫鹰。《七卷经》记载：吃它没有损益。（日本名：加利。）
鸭 《本草经》记载：肉补虚热，调和脏腑，利水道。孟诜说：性寒，补中益气，消食。马琬说：眼睛眼球白色的，吃了杀人。（日本名：加毛。）
鲤鱼 《本草经》记载：肉味甘，主治咳逆上气，黄疸，止渴，生煮主治水肿脚满，降气。胆汁味苦，寒，无毒，主治目热、赤痛、清盲，明目。骨主治女子带下赤白；齿主治石淋。陶弘景注释说：鲤鱼最为鱼中之主形，既可爱，又能神变，山上水中有鲤鱼不可吃。又说：鲤鱼不可与小豆藿同食，其子与猪肝同食害人。苏敬注释说：骨灰主治阴蚀哽不出，血主治小儿丹肿，皮主治丹隐疹，脑主治各种癫痫，肠主治小儿肥疮。《名医别录》记载：肉主治安胎，胎动，坏妊身肿。煮食之，破冷气，痞癖，气块。从脊当中数至尾，无论大小都有三十六鳞。《七卷经》记载：鲤鱼，平，补中。又说 （胡斗反。野王说是鲤鱼也。）又说 （下瓦反。《说文》：鲤也。）又说 （音庆。《广雅》说：大鲤鱼也。）崔禹锡说：鲤鱼，温，无毒，主治香港脚忤疾，益气力。孟诜说：天行病后不可吃，再发即死。又说砂石中生长的鲤鱼毒多，在脑髓中，不可吃它的头。又说，每次切断其脊上两筋及脊内黑血。这是有毒的缘故。朱思简说：白头者，不可与葱桂同食，吃了令人患恶病。马琬说：怀孕时吃它，令孩子多疮。《养性要录》记载：服天门冬勿吃鲤鱼，病不除。（日本名：已比）
鲫鱼 《本草经》记载：主治各种疮疡，烧灰，用酱汁调和涂敷。又主治肠痈。一名鲋鱼。做成鱼脍，主治久赤白痢。《名医别录》记载：头主治腥嗽，烧为灰服用。肉主治虚羸，熟煮食之。鱼脍主治赤白痢及五痔。《七卷经》记载：味甘温，多食之发热。崔禹锡说：味咸，大冷，无毒，主治心烦闷，补五脏，安中。吃鲫鱼脍不要喝水，会生蛔虫。又不要与猪肉同食，成腹中冷积。孟诜说：做成鱼脍食之，断暴痢。其子调中益肝气。朱思简说：与鹿肉生食之筋急。又说鲤鱼子、鲫鱼不可同食。又不可与酪同食。又沙糖不与鲫鱼同食，成甘虫。又不可与笋同食，使笋不消成食积，身不能行步。《养性要集》记载：鲫鱼不可与猪肝同食。（日本名：布奈。）
鳗鱼 《本草经》记载：味甘，无毒，主治百病。陶弘景注释说：现在做成鳗鱼食之说是补益。又有鳢鱼相似而大，又有黄鱼黄而美，并益人。又有人鱼似鳗而有四足，声如小儿，其膏燃烧之不消耗。始皇丽山冢中用之，谓之人膏。苏敬说：鳗鱼，一名鳢鱼，一名鱓鱼。主治水浮肿，利小便。崔禹锡说：鳗鱼，温，主治风冷冷痹，赤白痢疾，虚损不足，令人皮肤肥美，形状像鳟鱼而小，色白，皮中有白垢。大的一二尺，小的七八寸，无鳞，春生夏长，秋衰冬死。一名鱓。《食经》记载：鳗鱼赤且鬓及无鳃，吃了杀人。（日本名：阿由。）
鲷鱼 崔禹锡说：味甘，冷，无毒，主治逐水，消水肿，利小便，去痔虫，破积聚，咳逆上气，肠主治出败疮中虫，利筋骨。形状像鲫鱼而红鳍坚鳞。（日本名：多比。）
鲈鱼 崔禹锡说：味咸，大温，无毒，主治风痹、瘀血、面皯，形状像鲤鱼而鳃大；补中安五脏，可做成鱼脍。《食经》记载：鲈鱼为羹，食不利人。又说：鲈肝不可吃，杀人。又说：治鲈鱼中毒方：捣绞芦根汁饮之，良。（日本名：须须支。）
鲭鱼 崔禹锡说：味咸，大温，无毒，主治血利，补中，安肾气，形状像鲢鱼，小口尖背苍，可做成羹，食补中，南人多吃苦鲭有益面色，癫疰病人，吃鲭鱼难愈。（日本名：佐波。）
石首鱼 崔禹锡说：味甘温无毒，主治下利明目安心神，形状像鳗鱼而皮中有白垢，尾白刺连逆连逆者也。头中有石，江南人呼曰石首鱼者是也。（日本名：阿知。）
年鱼 崔禹锡说：味咸，大温，无毒，主治止下利，益气力，其子似莓赤光。一名年鱼。春生而年中死，故名之。疗风痹为验。（日本名：佐介。）
鳟鱼 《七卷经》记载：味酸，热，多食发疮。《字林》记载：赤目鱼也。此鱼形状像鳗鱼而小也。（今按：损害物。日本名未须。）
蠡鱼（黑鱼） 《本草经》记载：味甘，寒，无毒，主治湿痹、面目浮肿，下大水五痔，有疮者不可吃，令瘢白。一名鳢鱼。陶弘景注释说：现在写作鳢字，旧言是公蛎蛇所变。崔禹锡说：补中明目，食鳢肝而勿饮水，生蛇子故也。（今按：损害物。日本名波牟。）
王余鱼 《七卷经》记载：吃了无损益。郭璞说：王余比目相同，虽有二片，其实一鱼也。不比行者，名为王余也；比行者，名为比目也。《搜神记》记载：昔越王为脍割鱼而未切，堕半于海中化鱼名王余也。（日本名：加礼比。）
乌贼鱼 《本草经》记载：味咸，微温，无毒，主治疗女子漏下、赤经、白汁，血闭，阴蚀肿痛，寒热瘕，无子，惊气入腹，腹痛环脐，阴中寒肿。陶弘景注释说：鹎鸟所化，今其口脚俱存。《名医别录》记载：昔秦王东游弃算袋于海，化为此鱼。其状似算袋，两带极长，墨犹在腹中也。孟诜说：吃得少，有益髓。《养生要集》记载：味咸，温，吃了无损益。崔禹锡说：味咸，生大冷，干，小温，无毒，主治鬼气入腹，绞痛积聚。南海多垂乌而浮乌，鸟翔来见之为死即喙，因惊卷捕以杀之，故名曰乌贼。为海神之吏。（日本名：伊芳加。）
海鼠（海参） 崔禹锡说：味咸，大冷，无毒，主治补肾气，去百节风，形状像马蛭，而大者长五六尺，小者一二尺，体上小角连数十枚如革囊而收缩膨胀者是也。干的，温，主治下利，生毛发，黄疸疲瘦。其肠尤其治疗痔疮有效。《七卷经》记载：吃了无损益，有内疸者，吃生的有利。（日本名：古。）
海月（海蜇） 崔禹锡说：味辛，大冷，无毒，主治利大小肠（腹），除关格、黄疸、消渴，形状像月亮在海中，所以以此命名。又有凝月，味咸苦冷，主治黄疸消渴，像海月在海中，煮时即凝，所以以此命名。一名水母。（日本名：久良介。）
海蛸（章鱼） 崔禹锡说：味咸温，无毒，主治虚劳内损诸不足及下利，补中，安五脏。又大者长一二丈，名海肌子；小者长尺余寸，名海蛸子，江东呼曰触外家子。《七卷经》记载：味辛，平，生冷，干温，人有内疸者，吃生的有利。（日本名：多古。）
蝙螠（沙蚕） 《七卷经》记载：味甘，微寒，吃了无损益。或云补中去烦热，形状像大蚯蚓，生海边池泥中，甚似大螠也。湖往后，人视其穴掘取之，以芦刀挫之，去其腹中土沙，以豉盐酱调味食之美味。（日本名：委。）
牡蛎 《本草经》记载：牡蛎味咸，平，微寒，无毒，主治伤寒、寒热、温疟，除拘缓、鼠瘘，女子下血赤白。心痛气结，止渴，除老血。疗喉痹、咳嗽，久服强骨节延年。陶弘景注释说：是百岁雕所化作。《名医别录》记载：天生万物，皆有牝牡，唯牡蛎是咸水结成，块然不动，牝牡之事，何从而生？经言牡者应非其雄也。崔禹锡说：杀魇魅，治夜不眠；鬼语，错乱，志意不定。冬时者为优，夏时者为劣，煮蒸食之。孟诜说：火上令沸，去壳，吃很美味。令人细润肌肤，美颜色。《七卷经》记载：有癞疮不可吃。（日本名：加支。）
海蛤 《本草经》记载：味苦咸，平，无毒，主治咳逆上气，喘，烦满，胸痛，寒热，主阴痿。陶弘景注释说：从鹰矢中得也。《说文》记载：千岁燕化为海蛤、魁蛤。一名伏老伏翼，化为蛤，亦生子滋长。《名医别录》记载：按海蛤是海中烂壳，久在泥沙。风陶沥自然圆净。文蛤是未烂时壳，犹有纹者。崔禹锡说：冷，主治气劳，补气力。貌小者似臣胜而润泽，然鹅鹰所吞食。大者圆二三寸及五六寸，壳上有文理，而紫斑或彤黄彤黄、或渌斑渌斑，或黑黑，以纯黑为良。（日本名：波末久利。）
石决明 《本草经》记载：味咸，平，无毒，主治目白翳痛，清盲，久服益精轻身。陶弘景注释说：是鳆鱼甲者。苏敬注释说：七孔者良。崔禹锡说：温，主治腰脚诸病，补五脏，安中，益精气，貌细，孔离离，或九或七；以鳆为真，或作鲍字，亦为误。食之利九窍，心目聪了，故有决明之名。亦附石生，故呼曰石决明耳。秦皇之世，不死之药觅东海者，岂谓于斯欤。（日本名：阿波比。）
Milk (Niu Ru) According to the *Ben Cao Jing* (Compendium of Materia Medica): It is slightly cold in nature, tonifies deficiency and emaciation, relieves thirst, and directs Qi downward. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Cow's milk from yellow cattle is the best. The *Ming Yi Bie Lu* (Additional Records of Famous Physicians) states: Milk must be boiled for one or two boils before consumption; it should be drunk after cooling. Consuming it hot causes Qi stagnation, and it should not be taken in large quantities at once. It is incompatible with sour foods, causing abdominal masses. Cui Yuxi states: It benefits Stomach Qi and makes the skin lustrous. The *Yang Sheng Yao Ji* (Essentials for Health Preservation) states: For those with cold disorders in the abdomen, drinking milk may cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. The *Qi Juan Jing* (Seven Volume Classic) states: It must not be eaten with raw meat, as it generates worms in the abdomen; it must not be eaten with raw fish, as it leads to disease. (Japanese name: Uchinouchi.)
Cheese/Yogurt (Lao) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: It has a sweet and sour taste, is cold in nature, and is non-toxic. It treats heat toxins, relieves thirst, clears deficient heat from the chest, and treats heat sores on the body and face. The *Yang Sheng Yao Ji* states: When the abdomen is slightly unwell, one should not consume cheese, as it causes indigestion.
Butter/Ghee (Su) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: It is slightly cold in nature, tonifies the Five Zang organs, promotes bowel movement, and treats mouth ulcers. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Milk becomes cheese, cheese becomes butter/ghee, and butter/ghee becomes clarified butter (Ti Hu), which is yellowish-white. The *Yang Sheng Yao Ji* states: The Daoist Gan Daoren said: Regular consumption of milk, cheese, butter/ghee, and marrow gives strength, strengthens the Gallbladder, and nourishes the body. Sudden overconsumption causes abdominal distension and diarrhea, which subsides gradually.
Deer Meat (Lu Rou) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: The meat is warm in nature, tonifies the Middle Jiao, strengthens the Five Zang organs, and boosts Qi and strength. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Among wild meats, only roe deer and deer are edible; they do not smell gamey when raw, do not belong to the Earthly Branch Chen (Dragon), have no ruling element in the Eight Trigrams, and can warm and tonify humans without worry of life or death; thus, Daoists permit making them into dried meat. Su Jing's annotation states: Deer head treats Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome); sinews treat labor injury; bones treat deficiency consumptive disease; fat treats carbuncles and necrotic tissue; warms the center; treats inability to move limbs. Another view says: Do not eat near the genitals; antlers treat sudden evil attacks and pain; blood treats traumatic injuries to the yin and has tonifying effects. Also: Deer antler tip (Lu Rong) has a sweet and sour taste, is warm in nature, and non-toxic. It treats leukorrhea with bad blood, alternating chills and fever, boosts Qi and willpower, promotes tooth growth, treats deficiency consumptive disease with emaciation, soreness and pain in four limbs, lower back and spine pain, seminal emission, and hematuria; calms the fetus and directs Qi downward. Antlers treat malignant sores and carbuncles. Marrow has a sweet taste and is warm in nature. It treats men and women with damaged meridians and severed pulses, tendon spasms, and counterflow Qi (cough/wheezing); taken with wine. Also: Roe deer bone treats deficiency damage and seminal emission; meat tonifies the Five Zang organs; marrow boosts Qi and strength and beautifies the face. Cui Yuxi states: Salty and warm, non-toxic. Treats severe wind-cold, cold Qi, mouth ulcers, and Xiao Ke. Heart calms the Middle; Liver calms the Liver; Lung calms the Lung; Kidney calms the Kidney; Spleen calms the Spleen; fat treats limb paralysis. Meng Shen states: Head treats Xiao Ke with frequent dreams; hooves treat pain in knee and leg marrow; raw meat treats facial deviation due to wind-stroke. The *Shan Fu Jing* states: Kidneys are best. The *Qian Jin Fang* (Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) states: Those taking medicine should not eat deer meat, as it renders medication ineffective. This is because deer constantly eat detoxifying herbs, thereby neutralizing various drugs. The *Yang Sheng Yao Ji* states: Deer with leopard spots are inedible and fatal. Also: Deer antler tips and antlers should not be smelled; small white-grain-like insects exist inside, entering the throat causes parasitic diseases incurable by any method. Ma Wan states: Deer meat is disadvantageous to humans. Zhu Simian states: Eating with raw vegetables causes abscesses and worms in the abdomen. White deer gallbladders are inedible. The *Shi Jing* (Food Classic) states: Cooking deer meat with pheasant is fatal. The *Lu Zong Shi Jing* states: Deer without antlers after the fifth month are harmful if eaten. (Japanese name: Kanoshishi.)
Pork (Zhu Rou) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Bitter in taste, it closes blood vessels, weakens sinews and bones, relaxes muscles in deficient persons, and should not be eaten long-term. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Pigs have many uses, but the meat is unsuitable for humans. Excessive consumption leads to rapid obesity, which is merely flabby fat. The *Qian Jin Fang* states: Long-term consumption reduces essence and triggers old diseases. The *Ming Yi Bie Lu* states: Meat is cold, suppresses Danchi minerals, and clears heat. Consumption induces wind due to drug interaction. The *Qi Juan Shi Jing* states: Eating with five pungent spices damages Liver and Spleen; eating with crucian carp causes hair loss and wasting. Do not eat with carp roe, as it harms humans. Zhu Simian states: Eating with fish induces wind and worms in the abdomen; eating pig liver with celery causes lifelong borborygmus. The *Yang Sheng Yao Ji* states: Pig liver that does not stick to dirt when dropped is fatal if eaten. Also: Pork jerky that cannot be burned is fatal if eaten, causing diarrhea. Ma Wan states: Pig eyes with intersecting eyelashes are inedible and harmful. The *Shan Fu Jing* states: Dead pigs with blue eyes are fatal if eaten. Also: Pigs roasted to death, eating their liver is fatal. Also: Pigs with white hooves and blue spotted claws are inedible. Also: White pigs with blue hooves are fatal if eaten. (Note: Harmful substance. Japanese name: Naishishi.)
Pheasant (Zhi) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Sour taste, slightly cold, non-toxic. Tonifies the Middle and boosts Qi and strength. Stops diarrhea. Removes insect masses. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Although not belonging to the Chen branch, it is a bird of the Li trigram; it should not be eaten on Jingwu days. Su Jing's annotation states: Sweet taste, treats various sores. Cui Yuxi states: Treats restless walking. Benefits Liver Qi, brightens eyes, treats tinea and superficial sores. Eating raw heart on Bingwu day damages Liver Qi, raises "Five Ghosts" internally, bringing misfortune. Zhu Simian's *Shi Jing* states: When eating pheasant meat, do not eat bones, as this severely damages sinews and bones. (Japanese name: Shino.)
Skylark (Yunque) Cui Yuxi states: Salty, very warm, non-toxic. Tonifies the Middle, treats impotence, deficiency consumptive disease, and red-and-white dysentery. Made into soup, it strengthens Yin Qi. Larger than sparrows. These birds inhabit Yang areas in spring/summer and Yin areas in autumn/winter. They sing in Yang times and remain silent in Yin times, absorbing Yin Qi to ascend and containing Yang Qi to descend; flying in cloud-Yang and exhaling, hence the name. Their sound is dense, like human shouting. (Japanese name: Hibari.)
Quail (Chun) Meng Shen states: Warm and tonifying to the Five Zang organs, replenishes Qi, solidifies sinews and bones, resists cold and heat, resolves Qi stagnation. Also: Do not eat with pork, as it causes sores. (Note: *Ming Yi Bie Lu* states: Eating with pork causes small black moles.) Also: Those with diarrhea can cook it with ginger. The *Qi Juan Jing* states: Pungent and neutral; causes forgetfulness. Cui Yuxi states: Quails are non-toxic, treat red-and-white dysentery, metrorrhagia, acute wind-damp bi-syndrome, nourish Liver and Lung Qi, and open the nine orifices. (Japanese name: Utsururi.)
Turtle Dove (Jiu) Cui Yuxi states: Bitter and salty, neutral, non-toxic. Heals fractures, tonifies the Middle, strengthens sinews and bones, boosts Qi and strength, promotes agility. Pregnant women especially should avoid it, as its reproductive organs are full, leading to difficult labor. Ancients called it the "non-choking bird"; thus, elders place dove figures on canes to treat dysphagia. (Japanese name: Nami.)
Pigeon (Ge) Cui Yuxi states: Sweet, warm, non-toxic. Treats red-and-white dysentery, tonifies the Middle, directs Qi downward. Resembles turtle doves, has a white beak, hawk-like eyes, and beautiful mottled wings. (Japanese name: Ibaruka.)
Bulbul (Bei) Cui Yuxi states: Sour, cold, non-toxic. Treats red-and-white dysentery, deficiency insufficiency, tonifies the Middle, calms the Hun and Po spirits. (Japanese name: Hiitomeri.)
Eagle (Ying) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Fat is sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Treats wind trauma, spasms, hemiplegia, and Qi obstruction. Long-term use promotes hair growth on temples and eyebrows, and boosts Qi. Cui Yuxi states: Sweet, slightly cold. Treats wind-heat, vexation, preserves complexion, treats lumbar and leg weakness. Eagle species are numerous; large ones are called Hong, small ones Ying. The *Qi Juan Jing* states: No benefit or harm from eating. (Japanese name: Karari.)
Duck (Ya) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Meat tonifies deficient heat, harmonizes Zang-Fu organs, and promotes urination. Meng Shen states: Cold in nature, tonifies the Middle and boosts Qi, aids digestion. Ma Wan states: Ducks with white eyeballs are fatal if eaten. (Japanese name: Kemo.)
Carp (Li Yu) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Meat is sweet, treats cough and rebellious Qi, jaundice, relieves thirst; raw boiled form treats edema and leg fullness, directs Qi downward. Gallbladder is bitter, cold, non-toxic, treats hot eyes, redness/pain, blindness, and brightens vision. Bones treat leukorrhea in women; teeth treat stone strangury. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Carp is the master of fish forms, lovely and magical; mountain water carps are inedible. Also: Carp must not be eaten with adzuki bean leaves; roe with pig liver harms humans. Su Jing's annotation states: Ash treats genital erosion and difficulty passing urine; blood treats infant erysipelas; skin treats hidden rashes; brain treats epilepsy; intestines treat infant impetigo. The *Ming Yi Bie Lu* states: Meat calms the fetus, treats fetal movement, and reduces pregnancy swelling. Boiled, it breaks cold Qi, resolves masses, and dissipates Qi blocks. Counting scales from spine to tail, there are always thirty-six. The *Qi Juan Jing* states: Carp is neutral and tonifies the Middle. Also [character]: Wild king carp. Also [character]: Carp. Also [character]: Large carp. Cui Yuxi states: Carp is warm, non-toxic, treats podagra and adverse Qi, boosts strength. Meng Shen states: Inedible after epidemic fevers; recurrence is fatal. Sand-dwelling carps have high toxicity in the brain/head; do not eat the head. Always cut the two tendons on the spine and remove black blood, as these are toxic. Zhu Simian states: White-headed carps must not be eaten with scallions and cinnamon, causing malignant diseases. Ma Wan states: Eating during pregnancy causes sores in the child. The *Yang Xing Yao Lu* states: Do not eat carp while consuming Tian Men Dong, as the illness will not resolve. (Japanese name: Hibi.)
Crucian Carp (Ji Yu) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Treats various sores; burnt and applied with soy sauce. Also treats intestinal abscesses. Also known as Fu Yu. Made into sashimi, treats chronic red-and-white dysentery. The *Ming Yi Bie Lu* states: Head treats fishy cough; burnt ash is ingested. Meat treats emaciation; cooked and eaten. Sashimi treats red-and-white dysentery and five types of hemorrhoids. The *Qi Juan Jing* states: Sweet and warm; excessive consumption causes fever. Cui Yuxi states: Salty, very cold, non-toxic. Treats mental restlessness, tonifies Five Zang organs, calms the Middle. Do not drink water after eating crucian carp sashimi, as it generates roundworms. Do not eat with pork, causing cold accumulation in the abdomen. Meng Shen states: Sashimi stops acute dysentery. Roe regulates the Middle and benefits Liver Qi. Zhu Simian states: Eating raw with deer meat causes tendon stiffness. Also: Do not eat carp roe and crucian carp together. Do not eat with cheese. Do not eat with sugar, causing "sweet worms." Do not eat with bamboo shoots, causing undigested food retention and immobility. The *Yang Xing Yao Ji* states: Crucian carp must not be eaten with pig liver. (Japanese name: Funai.)
Eel (Man Yu) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Sweet, non-toxic, treats hundred diseases. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Eel consumption is considered tonifying. There are eels similar but larger, and yellow eels that are delicious and beneficial. There is also a human-fish resembling an eel with four legs, sounding like a child; its fat burns without depletion. Used in Qin Shi Huang's tomb, called human fat. Su Jing states: Eel, also known as Li fish or Shan fish. Treats water edema and promotes urination. Cui Yuxi states: Eel is warm, treats wind-cold bi-syndrome, red-and-white dysentery, deficiency insufficiency, beautifies skin. Resembles trout but smaller, white with white film on skin. One to two chi long, seven to eight cun small, scaleless, born in spring, grows in summer, declines in autumn, dies in winter. Also known as Shan. The *Shi Jing* states: Red-eared eels and gill-less eels are fatal if eaten. (Japanese name: Ayu.)
Sea Bream (Diao) Cui Yuxi states: Sweet, cold, non-toxic. Promotes water elimination, reduces edema, promotes urination, removes hemorrhoid worms, breaks accumulations, treats cough and rebellious Qi. Intestines treat parasites in foul sores, benefit sinews and bones. Resembles crucian carp with red fins and hard scales. (Japanese name: Tobi.)
Sea Bass (Lu) Cui Yuxi states: Salty, very warm, non-toxic. Treats wind-bi, blood stasis, facial discoloration. Resembles carp with large gills; tonifies the Middle, calms Five Zang organs, suitable for sashimi. The *Shi Jing* states: Bass soup is unfavorable. Also: Bass liver is fatal. Also: Treatment for bass poisoning: Drink crushed reed rhizome juice. (Japanese name: Susushi.)
Mackerel (Qing) Cui Yuxi states: Salty, very warm, non-toxic. Treats bloody dysentery, tonifies the Middle, calms Kidney Qi. Resembles silver carp, small mouth, pointed back, grayish; suitable for soup. Tonifies the Middle; Southerners eat much for complexion. Epilepsy patients find mackerel difficult to cure. (Japanese name: Sawa.)
Sturgeon/Headstone Fish (Shi Shou) Cui Yuxi states: Sweet and warm, non-toxic. Treats dysentery, brightens eyes, calms spirit. Resembles eel with white film on skin, white tail connected. Has stones in the head; Jiangnan people call it Headstone Fish. (Japanese name: Achi.)
Year Fish (Nian Yu) Cui Yuxi states: Salty, very warm, non-toxic. Stops dysentery, boosts Qi. Eggs resemble red berries. Also known as Year Fish. Born in spring, dies mid-year, hence the name. Effective for wind-bi. (Japanese name: Sake.)
Trout (Sun) The *Qi Juan Jing* states: Sour, hot; excessive consumption causes sores. The *Zi Lin* states: Red-eyed fish. Smaller than eels. (Note: Harmful substance. Japanese name: Misu.)
Snakehead/Lee Fish (Li Yu) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Sweet, cold, non-toxic. Treats damp-bi, facial edema, severe strangury, and five hemorrhoids. Inedible for those with sores, causes white scars. Also known as Li fish. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Written as Li character now; formerly said to be transformed from male oyster snakes. Cui Yuxi states: Tonifies Middle, brightens eyes. Do not drink water after eating Li liver, as it generates snake offspring. (Note: Harmful substance. Japanese name: Hamu.)
King's Remainder Fish (Wang Yu) The *Qi Juan Jing* states: No benefit or harm. Guo Pu states: Wang Yu is like flatfish; though two halves, it is one fish. Non-swimming pairs are Wang Yu; swimming pairs are flatfish. The *Sou Shen Ji* states: King Goujian cut fish for sashimi but didn't finish cutting; half fell into the sea and transformed into Wang Yu fish. (Japanese name: Karabi.)
Cuttlefish (Otsuki) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Salty, slightly warm, non-toxic. Treats women's leukorrhea, red menstruation, white discharge, blood closure, genital erosion/swelling, alternating chills/masses, infertility, fright Qi entering abdomen, peri-umbilical pain, cold genital swelling. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Transformed from Bei bird; mouth and feet remain. The *Ming Yi Bie Lu* states: King of Qin dropped his abacus bag into the sea, transforming into this fish. Shape resembles bag, with two long straps, ink remains in abdomen. Meng Shen states: Small amounts benefit marrow. The *Yang Sheng Yao Ji* states: Salty, warm; no benefit or harm. Cui Yuxi states: Salty, very cold when raw, warm when dry, non-toxic. Treats ghost Qi entering abdomen, colic and masses. Southern seas have hanging floating birds; birds fly down seeing them, die instantly, curled up and caught, hence named Cuttlefish. Servant of the Sea God. (Japanese name: Ibaka.)
Sea Mouse (Hai Shu) Cui Yuxi states: Salty, very cold, non-toxic. Tonifies Kidney Qi, removes wind from joints. Resembles horse leech, large ones 5-6 chi, small ones 1-2 chi, with small horns like leather sacs that contract and swell. Dried form is warm, treats dysentery, promotes hair growth, jaundice, and emaciation. Intestines are particularly effective for hemorrhoids. The *Qi Juan Jing* states: No benefit or harm; beneficial for internal jaundice if eaten raw. (Japanese name: Ko.)
Sea Jelly (Hai Yue) Cui Yuxi states: Pungent, very cold, non-toxic. Promotes bowel/bladder function, removes Guan Ge syndrome, jaundice, and Xiao Ke. Resembles moon in sea, hence the name. There is also Congealed Moon, salty/bitter/cold, treating jaundice/Xiao Ke; congeals when boiled, hence the name. Also known as Water Mother. (Japanese name: Kuraisuke.)
Octopus (Hai Shao) Cui Yuxi states: Salty, warm, non-toxic. Treats deficiency consumptive disease, insufficiency, and dysentery; tonifies Middle, calms Five Zang organs. Large ones 10-20 zhang, called Hai Ji Zi; small ones over 1 chi, called Hai Shao Zi; Jiangdong calls them Chu Wai Jia Zi. The *Qi Juan Jing* states: Pungent, neutral, cold when raw, warm when dry; beneficial for internal jaundice if eaten raw. (Japanese name: Tago.)
Sandworm/Bian Yi Cui Yuxi states: Sweet, slightly cold; no benefit or harm. Or said to tonify Middle and clear heat. Resembles large earthworm, lives in seaside mud, similar to large Yi. People dig them from holes, cut with reed knife, remove sand, and eat with soybean paste and salt for flavor. (Japanese name: I.)
Oyster (Li) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Oyster shell is salty, neutral, slightly cold, non-toxic. Treats cold damage, chills/fever, warm malaria, removes spasms and scrofula, treats women's bleeding and leukorrhea. Heart pain and Qi stagnation, relieves thirst, removes old blood. Treats pharyngitis and cough; long-term use strengthens bones/joints and prolongs life. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Transformed from 100-year-old eagle. The *Ming Yi Bie Lu* states: All things have male/female, except oysters formed from salt water, motionless; how do they reproduce? The term "Male" (Mu) likely doesn't refer to the male. Cui Yuxi states: Dispels nightmares, treats insomnia, delirious speech, and unstable will. Winter harvest is superior; summer is inferior; boil or steam to eat. Meng Shen states: Boil, remove shell, eat deliciously. Makes skin smooth and complexion beautiful. The *Qi Juan Jing* states: Inedible for those with leprosy. (Japanese name: Kashi.)
Seashell (Hai Ge) According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Bitter and salty, neutral, non-toxic. Treats cough/rebellious Qi, asthma, chest fullness/pain, chills/fever, and impotence. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Found in eagle droppings. The *Shuo Wen* states: 1000-year-old swallows transform into seashells and giant clams. Also known as Fu Lao/Fu Yi, transforming into shells and reproducing. The *Ming Yi Bie Lu* states: Seashells are rotten shells in sea mud, naturally rounded by wind and waves. Clam shells (Wen Ge) are unrotten with patterns. Cui Yuxi states: Cold, treats Qi consumption, boosts strength. Small ones resemble beans and are lustrous, swallowed by geese/eagles. Large ones 2-3 cun to 5-6 cun, with patterns, purple spots, yellow spots, or black spots; pure black is best. (Japanese name: Namakuri.)
Abalone Shell/Shi Jue Ming According to the *Ben Cao Jing*: Salty, neutral, non-toxic. Treats white cornea pain, blindness; long-term use benefits essence and lightens the body. Tao Hongjing's annotation states: Abalone shell. Su Jing's annotation states: Seven-hole variety is best. Cui Yuxi states: Warm, treats lumbar/leg diseases, tonifies Five Zang organs, calms Middle, benefits essence/Qi. Thin, perforated, 7 or 9 holes; Abalone is authentic; writing as "Bao" is incorrect. Opens nine orifices, brightens eyes/mind, hence "Jue Ming" (Deciding Brightness). Grows attached to stones, hence "Shi Jue Ming". Qin Shi Huang sought elixirs in the East Sea; was this it? (Japanese name: Apobi.)