《病源论》云∶荣（营）卫不和，阴阳隔绝，而风邪外入，与卫气相搏，血气壅塞不通
而成痞
腹满，时时壮热是也。其名有八，故云八痞，而方家不显的，其证状。
《八十一难》云∶脾之积名曰痞气，在胃脘，覆覆大如盘，久不愈，令人四肢不收，发
黄胆
也
《录验方》治八痞麝香丸方∶
光明砂 麝香 丁香 曾青〔（一名空青）各一两〕 大黄（七分） 黄芩（三分） 朴
硝（二两）
凡十物，捣筛，蜜丸如小豆，一丸平旦空腹服，若老人壮者，同患之人，服如梧子一丸。
《传信方》云∶疗秋夏之交，露坐夜久，腹内痞如群石在腹中痛者方∶
大豆（半升） 生姜（八分）
上，以水二升，煎取一升已下，顿服，其坚痞立散。
《病源论》云∶症瘕者，皆由寒温不调，饮食不化，与脏气相搏结所生也。其不动移者，
其名为症；若病虽有结瘕而可推移者，名为瘕也。
《葛氏方》云∶症瘕病冲心不移动，饮食痛者死。
《新录方》云∶治一切病温白丸方∶南州刺史臣阴铿言∶臣蒙慈泽（或本“恩”），视事
三年
于今
道士
紫菀（二分） 吴茱萸（二分） 石上菖蒲（二分） 浓朴（二分） 桔梗（二分） 皂
荚〔（兼协反）
连（二分） 蜀椒（二分）
上十五味，捣，下筛为散，用好蜜和，更捣三千杵，丸如梧子大，服二丸，不知稍增，
可至
上气
十种
治妇
痛，
或
烦热
五
种惊痫
只欲取
水不调，或多或少，真似怀孕知子，或连年累月羸瘦困弊，遂致于死，或哭或歌，为鬼所乱，
但能
脓三升，其病即愈。臣见被堕伤，临死有积血，天阴即发，羸瘦着床，不能食饮，命在旦夕，
服
即愈，平安状如常。主簿陈胜累有心腹胀满，经十四年，瘦疲气闷，饮食不下，臣与此药服，
服十日，下青虫六十枚，大小如树叶，头赤，虫身黑，下脓三升许，病即愈。臣公曹常患着
床，以经数年，服此药三十日，下肉蜣螂百枚，有出青黄水一斗，病即愈。臣门师侄长多羸
瘦
着床，食便吐出，命在朝夕，从臣求药，服五丸，至十五日，下出肉虾蟆十枚，青水一斗，
其病即愈。臣家内有人常患心病发无时节，发即欲死，服此药五六日，下肉蛇二枚，各长尺
五寸，有头，眼未有瞳子，斑斑有文，其病即瘥。又臣治尼专，得大风，眉堕落，已经二年
，遍身出疮，状如锥刀所刺，与药；服九丸，至一月，日出症虫五色，凡三升许，其病即愈
，眉鬓遂生，至复如故。臣知方大验，死罪谨上也。服中禁忌冷水、生菜、生鱼、猪肉、滑
、陈臭物、五辛。
《僧深方》云∶硝石大丸，治十二症瘕，及妇人带下，绝产无子，及症服寒食药而腹中
有症
河西大黄（八两） 朴硝（六两） 上党人参（二两） 甘草（三两）
凡四物，皆各异捣下筛，以三岁好苦酒置铜器中，以竹箸柱铜器中，一升作一刻，凡三
刻，
乃令
服，
强者
粥食
寒食药
《千金方》治瘕症方∶
灸内踝后宛宛中，随年壮。
又方∶灸气海穴百壮，在脐下一寸半。
又方∶槲白皮煎令可丸，服之取知，病动若下，减之。
又云∶治症坚，心下如杯，食则腹满，心绞腹痛方∶
葶苈子（二两） 大黄（二两） 泽漆（四两）
三味各异捣五百杵下筛，冶葶苈合膏，下二物散捣五百杵，和以蜜，服如梧子二丸，不
知稍
《医门方》疗症瘕，腹内胁下小腹胀满痛，冷即发，其气上冲心，不能饮食，或呕逆气
急烦
半夏（十分） 生姜（十分） 大黄（十二分） 槟榔仁（十分） 人参（八分） 吴
茱萸（六分） 浓
二枚）
水九升，煮取三升，下大黄，更煮三沸，分温三服。服相去八九里，当利三二行。
《广利方》理症瘕腹胀满坚硬如石，肚皮上青脉浮起方∶
紫葛粉（八分） 赤夕药（六分） 桔梗（六分） 紫菀头（三十五枚） 青木香（六
分） 水路诃黎勒
捣筛，蜜丸如梧子，空腹服十五丸，忌陈臭粘腻、猪肉。
《葛氏方》治心下物大如杯，不得食者方∶
葶苈（二两） 大黄（二两） 泽漆（四两）
捣筛蜜丸，捣千杵，服如梧子二丸，日三。
《诸病源候论》说：营卫不和，阴阳隔绝，风邪从外部侵入，与卫气相互搏结，导致血气壅塞不通而形成痞证。表现为腹部胀满，时常出现高热，这就是所说的。这种病症有八种名称，所以称为“八痞”，但方书家没有明确具体的症状表现。
《难经·五十五难》说：脾的积病名叫“痞气”，位于胃脘部，覆盖面积大如盘状，如果久治不愈，会导致四肢无力无法收持，并引发黄疸。
《录验方》中治疗八痞的麝香丸处方：
光明砂、麝香、丁香、曾青（又名空青）各一两；大黄七分；黄芩三分；朴硝二两。
以上共十味药，捣碎过筛，用蜂蜜制成如小豆大小的丸剂。清晨空腹时服用一丸；如果是老人或体质壮实者，以及同患此病的人，可服用如梧桐子大小的一丸。
《传信方》说：治疗在夏秋之交，夜间长时间露天坐卧后，腹内感觉像有一群石头在腹中作痛的方子：
大豆半升；生姜八分。
以上两味药，用水二升，煎煮取汁一升以下，一次性服下，坚硬的痞块立刻消散。
《诸病源候论》说：症瘕病，都是由寒温失调，饮食不化，与脏腑之气相互搏结而产生的。其中固定不移的，名为“症”；如果病虽有结块但可推动移动的，名为“瘕”。
《葛氏方》说：症瘕病若冲击心脏且固定不移，伴有饮食疼痛的，预后不良致死。
《新录方》说：治疗各种温病的白丸处方：南州刺史臣阴铿进言：臣蒙受皇恩（有的版本作“慈泽”），任职三年至今。
道士紫菀二分、吴茱萸二分、石上菖蒲二分、厚朴二分、桔梗二分、皂荚（读音兼协反）、黄连二分、蜀椒二分。
以上十五味药，捣碎，过筛成散剂，用好蜂蜜调和，再捣三千杵，制成如梧桐子大小的丸剂。每次服用两丸，若无反应则稍增加剂量，最多可至……（原文此处似有缺漏，依文意推测为剂量上限）。
主治上气、十种妇人痛、或烦热、五种惊痫等症。只欲取水不调，或多或少，真似怀孕知子，或连年累月消瘦困顿，遂致死亡，或哭或歌，为鬼所乱，但能……（原文此处语意不全，依上下文推测为疗效描述）。脓三升，其病即愈。臣看见有人堕胎受伤，临死时有积血，天阴时发作，身体消瘦卧床，不能进食饮水，命在旦夕，服用此药即愈，平安状态如常。主簿陈胜长期有心腹胀满，经过十四年，瘦疲气闷，饮食不下，臣给予此药服用，服药十日，排出青色虫子六十枚，大小如树叶，头红身黑，排出脓液三升左右，病即痊愈。臣公曹常年患病卧床，经过数年，服用此药三十日，排出肉蜣螂一百枚，流出青黄水一斗，病即痊愈。臣门师侄长多身体消瘦卧床，吃什么都吐出来，命在朝夕，向臣求药，服用五丸，到十五日，排出肉虾蟆十枚，青水一斗，其病即愈。臣家中有人常患心病发作无定时，发作时欲死，服用此药五六日，排出肉蛇二枚，各长一尺五寸，有头，眼睛没有瞳孔，身上斑斑有花纹，其病即好。又臣治疗尼姑专，得了大风病，眉毛脱落，已经两年，遍身出疮，形状像锥刀刺伤一样，给药服用；服用九丸，到一个月，每天排出五色症虫，总共约三升，其病即愈，眉毛鬓发重新生长，恢复如初。臣知道此方非常灵验，冒死谨此上奏。服药期间的禁忌包括冷水、生菜、生鱼、猪肉、滑腻食物、陈旧臭物、五辛。
《僧深方》说：硝石大丸，治疗十二种症瘕，以及妇人带下病、绝产无子，以及因服用寒食药而在腹中形成症块的病症。
河西大黄八两、朴硝六两、上党人参二两、甘草三两。
以上四味药，分别单独捣碎过筛，将三年的好醋放入铜器中，用竹筷子插入铜器中，一升醋为一刻时间，共三刻，然后令……（原文此处语意不全，依文意推测为煎煮或调制过程）。服用，强者……粥食……寒食药……（原文此处语意不全，依文意推测为服药后的饮食调理）。
《千金方》治疗瘕症的方子：
灸内踝后方宛宛中处，按患者年龄决定灸的壮数。
另一个方子：灸气海穴一百壮，穴位在脐下一寸半。
又一个方子：槲树白皮煎煮至可制成丸剂，服用以见效为准，若病动或排出，减少剂量。
又说：治疗症块坚硬，心下部感觉像杯子扣住，进食则腹部胀满，心绞腹痛的方子：
葶苈子二两、大黄二两、泽漆四两。
这三味药分别捣碎五百杵后过筛，将葶苈子研成膏，加入另外两味药的散剂，再捣五百杵，用蜂蜜调和，服用如梧桐子大小的两丸，若无反应则稍……（原文此处语意不全，依文意推测为增加剂量）。
《医门方》治疗症瘕，腹内胁下小腹胀满疼痛，遇冷即发作，气向上冲心，不能饮食，或呕吐逆气、呼吸急促烦躁的方子：
半夏十分、生姜十分、大黄十二分、槟榔仁十分、人参八分、吴茱萸六分、厚朴……（原文此处药材名及剂量似有缺漏，依文意推测为完整方剂的一部分）。
水九升，煮取三升，加入大黄，再煮三沸，分三次温服。服药间隔八九里路程的时间，应当排便二三行。
《广利方》理症瘕腹胀满坚硬如石，肚皮上青筋浮起的方子：
紫葛粉八分、赤芍药六分、桔梗六分、紫菀头三十五枚、青木香六分、水路诃黎勒……（原文此处药材名及剂量似有缺漏，依文意推测为完整方剂的一部分）。
捣碎过筛，用蜂蜜制成如梧桐子大小的丸剂，空腹服用十五丸，忌食陈旧臭粘腻食物、猪肉。
《葛氏方》治疗心下部有物大如杯子，不能进食的方子：
葶苈二两、大黄二两、泽漆四两。
捣碎过筛，用蜂蜜制成丸剂，捣一千杵，服用如梧桐子大小的两丸，每日三次。
According to the *Zhubing Yuanhou Lun* (Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Symptoms of All Diseases): When Ying (Nutritive Qi) and Wei (Defensive Qi) are in disharmony, and Yin and Yang are isolated, pathogenic Wind enters from the exterior and contends with Wei Qi. This leads to congestion and obstruction of Blood and Qi, resulting in "Pi" (obstruction/lump). The manifestations include abdominal fullness and frequent high fever. There are eight types of this condition, hence it is called "Eight Pis" (Eight Obstructions), but physicians have not clearly specified the symptoms.
The *Nan Jing* (Classic of Difficult Issues) states: The accumulation of the Spleen is named "Pi Qi" (Obstructive Qi). It is located at the epigastrium, covering an area as large as a plate. If not cured for a long time, it causes weakness and inability to control the four limbs, and leads to jaundice.
The *Lu Yan Fang* (Recorded Verified Formulas) provides the Shexiang Wan (Musk Pill) for treating Eight Pis:
Cinnabar (Guangming Sha), Musk, Clove, and Azurite (Zengqing, also known as Kongqing) each 1 liang; Rhubarb (Dahuang) 0.7 fen; Scutellaria (Huangqin) 0.3 fen; Mirabilite (Puxiao) 2 liang.
These ten ingredients are crushed, sifted, and mixed with honey to form pills the size of small beans. Take one pill on an empty stomach in the early morning. For the elderly or robust individuals, or those suffering from the same disease, take one pill the size of a sophora seed.
The *Chuan Xin Fang* (Transmitted Trustworthy Formulas) describes a formula for pain caused by a sensation of stones in the abdomen after sitting outdoors for a long time during the transition between autumn and summer:
Soybean (Dadou) 0.5 sheng; Fresh Ginger (Shengjiang) 0.8 fen.
Boil these two ingredients in 2 sheng of water until less than 1 sheng remains, then take it all at once. The hard obstruction will immediately dissipate.
The *Zhubing Yuanhou Lun* states: Zheng Jia (masses and accumulations) arise from improper regulation of cold and warmth, indigestion of food, and contention between these factors and the Qi of the Zang organs. Those that do not move are called "Zheng"; those that have knots or masses but can be moved are called "Jia".
The *Ge Shi Fang* (Formulas of Ge Hong) states: If Zheng Jia attacks the heart, does not move, and causes pain upon eating, the prognosis is fatal.
The *Xin Lu Fang* (Newly Recorded Formulas) provides the Bai Wan (White Pill) for treating various warm diseases. Yin Keng, Governor of Nanzhou, reported: Having received imperial grace and served for three years...
Astragalus Root (Ziwan - *Note: Text says Ziwan which is usually Aster tataricus, but context implies Astragalus or similar tonic depending on variant readings, here strictly translating text*), Evodia (Wuzhuyu), Acorus growing on rocks (Shishang Changpu), Magnolia Bark (Nongpu/Pohu), Platycodon (Jiegeng), Gleditsia Sinensis (Zaojia), Coptis (Lian/Huanglian), Sichuan Pepper (Shujiao) each 0.2 fen.
These fifteen ingredients are crushed, sifted into powder, mixed with fine honey, and pounded for three thousand strokes to form pills the size of sophora seeds. Take two pills; if ineffective, slightly increase the dose...
It treats upper Qi rebellion, ten types of women's pain, irritability and heat, five types of fright-epilepsy, irregular menstruation resembling pregnancy, chronic emaciation, delirium (crying or singing, believed to be ghost disturbance)...
Yin Keng recounts cases: A person who suffered abortion trauma had stagnant blood, wasting syndrome, and was near death; after taking this medicine, they recovered. Chen Sheng, a Registrar, suffered from abdominal distension for fourteen years; after ten days of treatment, he passed sixty green worms and three sheng of pus, and was cured. Gong Cao suffered from bedridden illness for years; after thirty days, he passed one hundred dung beetles and one dou of yellow-green fluid, and was cured. A nephew of his teacher was emaciated and vomiting everything; after five pills, he passed ten toad-like creatures and one dou of blue water, and was cured. A family member suffered from heart disease with sudden fatal episodes; after five to six days, he passed two flesh snakes, each 1.5 chi long, with heads but no pupils, and was cured. He also treated a nun named Zhuan who had severe wind-stroke, loss of eyebrows for two years, and body sores like needle pricks; after nine pills over a month, she passed three sheng of five-colored Zheng worms daily, her eyebrows grew back, and she recovered.
Contraindications during medication include cold water, raw vegetables, raw fish, pork, slippery/greasy foods, stale/odorous foods, and the Five Pungent Spices.
The *Seng Shen Fang* (Monk Shen's Formulas) provides the Xiaoshi Da Wan (Large Niter Pill) for treating twelve types of Zheng Jia, leukorrhea, infertility, and abdominal masses caused by consuming cold-damaging medicines.
Rhubarb from Hexi 8 liang, Mirabilite 6 liang, Ginseng from Shangdang 2 liang, Licorice 3 liang.
These four ingredients are separately crushed and sifted. Place three-year-old good vinegar in a copper vessel. Insert a bamboo chopstick; one sheng of vinegar takes one "ke" (quarter hour) to pass the mark, totaling three ke... [Text incomplete regarding preparation method]. Take... [Text incomplete regarding dosage/diet].
The *Qianjin Fang* (Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) offers formulas for Jia masses:
Moxibustion at the hollow point behind the medial malleolus, with the number of moxa cones determined by the patient's age.
Another formula: Moxibustion on Qihai (CV6), 1.5 cun below the umbilicus, 100 cones.
Another formula: Decoct bark of oak (Hu Bai Pi) until it can be formed into pills. Take until effective; if the mass moves or passes, reduce the dose.
Another formula for hard masses, feeling of a cup pressing on the epigastrium, abdominal fullness after eating, and cardiac colic:
Descurainia Seed (Tinglizi) 2 liang, Rhubarb 2 liang, Spurge (Zeqi) 4 liang.
Crush each ingredient 500 times and sift. Grind Tinglizi into a paste, mix with the powders of the other two, pound 500 times more, mix with honey. Take two pills the size of sophora seeds; if ineffective, slightly... [Text incomplete].
The *Yimen Fang* (Medical Gate Formulas) treats Zheng Jia with lower abdominal distension and pain under the ribs, triggered by cold, Qi rushing to the heart, inability to eat, vomiting, reverse Qi, shortness of breath, and irritability.
Pinellia (Banxia) 10 fen, Fresh Ginger 10 fen, Rhubarb 12 fen, Betel Nut (Binglang Ren) 10 fen, Ginseng 8 fen, Evodia (Wuzhuyu) 6 fen, Magnolia Bark (Nongpu)... [Text incomplete].
Decoct in 9 sheng of water to obtain 3 sheng. Add Rhubarb, boil for three boils. Divide into three warm doses. After an interval equivalent to walking 8-9 li, expect 2-3 bowel movements.
The *Guangli Fang* (Benefit All Formulas) treats Zheng Jia with abdominal distension, hardness like stone, and visible blue veins on the abdomen.
Polygonum Multiflorum Vine Powder (Zige Fen) 0.8 fen, Red Peony Root (Chishao) 0.6 fen, Platycodon (Jiegeng) 0.6 fen, Astragalus Flower Buds (Ziwan Tou) 35 pieces, Costus Root (Qingmuxiang) 0.6 fen, Chebula (Helile)... [Text incomplete].
Crush and sift, mix with honey to form pills the size of sophora seeds. Take 15 pills on an empty stomach. Avoid stale, sticky, greasy foods and pork.
The *Ge Shi Fang* treats a mass in the epigastrium the size of a cup preventing eating.
Descurainia Seed (Tinglizi) 2 liang, Rhubarb 2 liang, Spurge (Zeqi) 4 liang.
Crush and sift, mix with honey to form pills, pound 1,000 times. Take two pills the size of sophora seeds, three times a day.